Summary
Nur 243 Antibiotics Summary
- Course
- NUR 243
- Institution
- University Of Rhode Island
This is a comprehensive and detailed summary on antibiotics for Nur 243. *Essential Study Material!!
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Content preview
Drug Quiz Summaries: AntibioticsAntibiotics
1. Penicillins
• Beta-lactams; largest and oldest class of antimicrobial agents
• Can cause hypersensitivity reactions, ranging from a mild rash to life-
threatening anaphylaxis
• Seizures can result from very high doses of any beta-lactam (including
cephalosporins and carbapenems)
• MOA: Inhibit transpeptidases (penicillin-binding proteins) in the bacterial
cell wall
• Penicillins have a very short half-life (<2 hours) & must be dosed multiple
times per day
• Most are poorly absorbed leading to diarrhea
• Can take with/without food
• Because of resistance, penicillins are a poor choice for most infections
a. Penicillin V (Penicillin VK®)
i. Good for syphilis, particularly neurosyphilis
b. Amoxicillin (Amoxil®)
i. Frequently prescribed in children
ii. Good for infections of the upper respiratory tract, such as
strep throat and otitis media (ear infection)
c. Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (Augmentin®)
i. Beta-lactam (amoxilcillin) & beta-lactamase inhibitor
(clavulanate) combination
ii. Clavulanate binds to beta-lactamases irreversibly,
preventing the beta-lactamase from destroying the
amoxicillin; this enables the therapeutic beta-lactam
(amoxicillin) to be effective
iii. Good for hospital-acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia
iv. Should be taken with food (at start of meal)
2. Cephalosporins
• Grouped into “generations” that correlate with their spectrum of activity
• All have cross-allergenicity with penicillins (~3-5%)
• Generally more resistant to beta-lactamases than pencillins are
a. Cephalexin (Keflex®)
i. 1st generation
ii. Good for skin & soft tissue infections
iii. Inexpensive and low incidence of adverse effects
b. Cefprozil (Cefzil®), cefdinir (Omnicef®)
i. 2nd generation
ii. Good for upper respiratory tract infections (URIs),
community-acquired pneumonia, and gonorrhea
c. Cefpodoxime (Vantin®)
i. 3rd generation
ii. One of the classes of antibiotics with the strongest
association with Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea
1
, Drug Quiz Summaries: Antibiotics
iii. Cefpodoxime (as well as some 2nd generation
cephalosporins) have the N-methylthiotetrazole (MTT) side
chain that can inhibit vitamin K production & prolong
bleeding. These antibiotics can also cause a disulfuram-like
reaction when co-administered with alcohol (important
counseling point for outpatient use!)
iv. Good for lower respiratory tract infections (ex. pneumonia),
pyelonephritis, meningitis, and skin & soft tissue infections
d. Cefepime (Maxipime®)
i. Only 4th generation cephalosporin
ii. Primarily used for nosocomial infections
iii. Not available by mouth
iv. DON’T WORRY ABOUT THIS DRUG; just on here for
your reference/example of 4th generation cephalosporin
3. Fluoroquinolones
• Near ideal antibiotics; over-prescribing them has quickly led to resistance
• Excellent oral bioavailability (80-100%), low incidence of adverse effects
• Their bioavailability is significantly decreased when administered with
calcium, iron, antacids, milk, or multivitamins, so counsel patients to
separate these agents by at least 2 hours or, if possible, take a week off of
the supplements
• Photosensitivity, GI effects, and headache are the most common side
effects
• Rare but serious side effects usually occur in those with underlying
conditions; hyper/hypoglycemia in diabetes, seizures with seizure
disorders, and prolongation of the QT interval in those with history of
arrhythmia
• Achilles tendon rupture very rarely may occur
• Contraindicated in pregnant patients and children
a. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro®)
i. Good for urinary tract infections (UTIs), unless patient has
history of frequent UTIs
b. Levofloxacin (Levaquin®)
i. Good for community-acquired pneumonia, UTIs,
abdominal infections, skin/soft tissue, & gonorrhea
4. Tetracyclines
• Drugs of choice for uncommon infections such as tick-borne diseases;
alternative to cipro/levo in bioterrorism scenarios
• Oral bioavailability is decreased significantly when administered with
calcium, iron, antacids, milk, or multivitamins; be sure to counsel patient
on separation (same as FQs)
• Most common side effects include photosensitivity and GI side effects
• Can cause esophageal irritation; patients should take the drug with water
& while standing up (if possible)
• Can cause discoloration of developing teeth and are contraindicated in
pregnant women and children <8 years
2
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller anyiamgeorge19. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
73314 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now