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NUR 206 final exam- complete questions and answers
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NUR 206 final exam- complete questions and answers
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NUR 206 final exam- completequestions and answers
What are some gerontologic considerations with infection? - answer Decreased
immune function, presence of comorbidities, increased physical disabilities,
present with atypical s/s, cognitive/behavioral changes before lab value changes,
cannot rely on fever to indicate infection, inability to perform ADLs.
What are some examples of nosocomial infections? - answer Central line-
associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI), catheter-associated urinary tract
infections (CAUTI), pneumonia, C-diff.
What are some causes for pathogens gaining resistance to antibiotics? - answer
Using antibiotics for viral infections, unnecessary prescriptions, inadequate drug
use, using broad-spectrum or combination antibiotics, skipping/missing doses, not
taking full dose of med after symptoms improve, limited resources or access to
care.
What is the normal range for white blood cell count? - answer 5,000-10,000.
What are the different types of white blood cells and their normal percentages? -
answer Neutrophils: 55-70%, eosinophils: 1-5%, basophils: 0.5-1%, lymphocytes:
20-40%, monocytes: 2-8%.
What does a higher white blood cell count indicate? - answer Infection.
What does a lower white blood cell count indicate? - answer Leukopenia
(increased risk for infection).
What is chemotaxis? - answer Direction migration of WBCs to site of injury.
Stimulated by leukotrienes.
What are prostaglandins? - answer Cause vasodilation leading to increased blood
flow/edema. Significant role in pain receptor sensitivity. Play role in fevers and
increase thermostatic set point.
,What are the stages of pressure ulcers? - answer Stage 1: nonblanchable
erythema of intact skin. Stage 2: partial thickness loss with exposed dermis.
Shallow, moist, open, red/pink wound bed. May present as blister. Stage 3: full
thickness skin loss with exposed subq/adipose tissue. Slough may be present.
May have undermining or tunneling. Stage 4: full thickness loss with
muscle/bone/tendon exposed. May have slough or eschar. May have undermining
or tunneling. Unstageable: full thickness loss but extent cannot be determined
because of covering of slough/eschar. Slough or eschar must be removed ot grade
injury. Deep tissue pressure injury: intact/non intact skin with persistent
nonblanchable area purple/maroon discoloration or blood-filled blister.
What are the contributing factors to pressure ulcers? - answer Skin adherence to
bed (shearing force-pressure). Excessive moisture (increased risk for skin
breakdown).
What are the risk factors for pressure ulcers? - answer Old age, bed/wheelchair
bound, diabetes, friction, immobility, impaired circulation, incontinence, mental
deterioration, pain, spinal cord injury.
What are the signs and symptoms of infection in pressure ulcers? - answer
Leukocytosis increased wound size/drainage/odor, indurated/warmth/edema,
fever, pain, necrotic tissue.
What are NSAIDs? - answer An antipyretic (should be given around the clock) and
anti-inflammatory drug. Ibuprofen, advil, motrin.
What is prevention in the context of pressure injuries? - answer Methods to avoid
pressure injuries
What is repositioning? - answer Using left bar/sheet to change position
What are some devices used to reduce pressure injuries? - answer Specialized
cushions, mattresses, and pads
What is the recommended method for cleaning pressure injuries? - answer Using
antimicrobial solutions with a 30 mL syringe
What is the recommended daily caloric intake for pressure injury patients? -
answer 30-35 cal/kg/day
,What is the recommended daily protein intake for pressure injury patients? -
answer 1.5g protein/kg/day
What are some potential consequences of untreated pressure injuries? - answer
Cellulitis, chronic infection, osteomyelitis
What is an emerging infection? - answer An infectious disease that has recently
increased in incidence or threatens to increase in the immediate future.
What are the wound measurements/assessments? - answer Location, size (from
longest length to widest width), depth (measured with cotton swab), undermining
and tunneling (wound goes beyond where you can see), wound margins, wound
base (eschar, sloughing, exudate), and drainage (color, consistency, odor).
What is primary intention healing process? - answer Initial phase, granulation
phase, and maturation phase and scar contraction.
What is secondary intention healing process? - answer Healing/granulation occurs
from edges-in and bottom-up.
What is ABCDE? - answer Asymmetrical, irregular border, color change/variation,
diameter greater than 6mm, and evolution.
What is vascular response? - answer Injury occurs → brief vasoconstriction →
release of histamines/kinins/prostaglandins causing vasodilation and fluid
movement from capillaries to tissue → proteins exert oncotic pressure that
further draws fluid from blood vessels → fibrinogen leaves blood and is activated
into fibrin which strengthens blood clot formed by platelets → clot traps bacteria
and serves as framework for healing → platelets release growth factor and initiate
healing.
What is cellular response? - answer The process of cells migrating to the site of
injury to initiate healing.
What are neutrophils and monocytes? - answer Types of white blood cells
What is chemotaxis? - answer Movement towards a chemical signal
, What is exudate? - answer Fluid that leaks from blood vessels into tissues
What are the three types of exudate? - answer Serous, serosanguinous, purulent
What is local inflammation? - answer Redness, heat, pain, swelling, loss of
function
What are the skin cancer prevention measures? - answer Wear protective
clothing, avoid sun between 10am and 2pm, wear sunscreen, avoid tanning
booths/sunlamps, educate about photosensitizing medications
What is the recommended SPF for sunscreen? - answer At least SPF 15, use SPF
30 if history of skin cancer
What is serous exudate? - answer Clear fluid, like blister
-ectomy - answer removal of
-lysis - answer destruction of
-orrhaphy - answer repair or suture of
-oscopy - answer looking into
-ostomy - answer creation of an opening
-otomy - answer cutting into
-plasty - answer repair or reconstruction
Gerontologic pre-op considerations - answer careful evaluation, communication,
fear, compromised function
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