Exam (elaborations)
BIOL 373 Exam questions with verified solutions
- Course
- Institution
BIOL 373 Exam questions with verified solutions
[Show more]
Content preview
BIOL 373 ExamWhat is physiology? - correct answer ✔✔N The science of the function of living system
What is the difference between process and function? - correct answer ✔✔N - process = "how"
- function = "why"
What is homeostasis with respect to a fluid? - correct answer ✔✔N Maintenance of a relatively stable
internal cellular fluid
Who coined the term "homeostasis?" - correct answer ✔✔N Walter Cannon
What is pathophysiology? - correct answer ✔✔N The study of when systems fail to compensate
What is local control? Reflex control? What modulates reflex control? - correct answer ✔✔N - local
control = changes near the site of damage
- reflex control = over long distances; managed by the CNS
List some examples of variables monitored by the CNS - correct answer ✔✔N - osmolarity
-T
- BP
What are the three types of feedback mechanisms? Which is most common? least common? - correct
answer ✔✔N Negative, positive and feedforward. Negative feedback →negative very common
→positive very rare
What is responsible for most communication - electrical or chemical signals? - correct answer ✔✔N
Chemical
,Define target cells WRT sent signals. - correct answer ✔✔N Target cells are those cells which are able to
respond to chemical signals, and contain a receptor for it.
What are forms of long-range cell-cell communication? - correct answer ✔✔N endocrine (chemical
hormone), neural and neuro endocrine (chemicals at axon terminal secrete into the bloodstream).
Where are ligand receptors located? What do these specific locations yield in terms of function? - correct
answer ✔✔N A *protein* which projects outside of the membrane or are within the membrane;
hydrophobic ligands will diffuse into the cytoplasm; hydrophilic via an intracellular receptor (consider the
lipo and hydrophobicity WRT location)
name the three main types of membrane receptors covered in 373. - correct answer ✔✔N - ion channel
- enzyme-coupled receptor
- GPCR
What are the main types of second messengers? Name a representative member of each. - correct
answer ✔✔N - nucleotides; cAMP
- lipid-derived molecules; IP_3
- ions; Ca²⁺
How can one signal have different effects on different cell types? - correct answer ✔✔N One ligand may
have several different types of receptors
What aspects of kinetics and thermodynamics affect ligand-receptor interactions? - correct answer ✔✔N
K_eq (rel. affinity), saturation
How can cells change their response to signals? - correct answer ✔✔N - ↑ n_receptors by changing
receptor number or sensitivity
- ↓ n_receptors by internalizing the surface protein
*- Δsensitivity by ℗*
, What are the effects of Epi on α receptors? β₂ receptors? - correct answer ✔✔N α constrict, reducing
blood flow; β₂ dilate, increasing blood flow
Explain the difference between an agonist and an antagonist. - correct answer ✔✔N Agonists exhibit the
same response as the ligand, whereas antagonists occupy but do not activate the receptor
Explain the pathogenesis of cholera. What effect does it have on the molecules? - correct answer ✔✔N -
comes from contaminates *water*
- produce a toxin which affects the small intestine, yielding water loss
- disables intrinsic GTPase activity of α subunit
Explain the activity of GPCRs. What NXP does it have when "off?" When on? How does it inactivate?
What subunits are considered active? - correct answer ✔✔N - consists of a receptor portion, and then
an α and βɣ subunits; the βɣ seperate from the α.
- GDP when off
- GTP when on
- inactivates by hydrolysis of the terminal ℗
- βɣ yield activation
Which subinit does the GTP attach to? Which has GTPase activity? Does the GPCR attach another ℗, or
does it swap GDP to GTP for activation? - correct answer ✔✔N - GTP on α
- α has GTPase activity
- GDP is exchanged for GTP for activation
What is the time span for Gα GTP hydrolysis? What disease is implicated in failure of hydrolysis? - correct
answer ✔✔N Usually seconds; collera
Explain tonic control. Is it under parasympathetic control? - correct answer ✔✔N Δn_signals yielding a
∇ of signals
NOT under parasympathetic control; all modulation by Δn
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller BravelRadon. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $17.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
77333 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now