states that the actor of a crime must achieve the result through his or her own effort -
Answer causation requirement
Cesare Beccaria's work was governed by utilitarian principles - Answer false
scientists who study the criminal justice system are referred to as - Answer criminal
justice specialists
research has revealed that society's reaction to lawbreaking has often been - Answer
irrational
Criminal justice generally focuses on all of the following areas except- Answer crime
whose work was governed by utilitarian principles - Answer Jeremy Bentham
All law enforcement agencies in the United States are required to contribute information
on crime in their jurisdictions to the FBI for the Uniform Crime Reports - Answer False
The life-course perspective argues that - Answer the frequency of criminal involvement
depends on such social factors as economic situation, peer pressure and lifestyle.
All early societies imposed punishment for acts that were detrimental to their existence
such as - Answer treason
which of the following programs was designed to address the disparity between goals
and means in society - Answer Perry Preschool Project
, Albert Bandura's term for violent or aggressive behaviors observed in others is -
Answer modeling instigators
Members of ___________ gangs are described as double failures because they have not
been successful in the legitimate world and have been equally unsuccessful in the
illegitimate worlds of organized criminal activity and violence-oriented gangs. - Answer
retreatist
suburban delinquent gangs typically adopt hand signals used by inner-city gangs -
Answer true
Wolfgang and Ferracuti argue that in some subcultures behavior norms are dictated by
a value system that demands the use of force or violence - True
According to Wolfgang and Ferracuti which of the following is true of subcultures -
Violence is frequently an expected response
Mobilization for Youth (MOBY) was based on what theory? - Opportunity
The goal of _________ gangs is to gain a reputation for toughness and destructive
violence. - Answer conflict
Miller's final focal concern, ____ stems from the lower-class person's resentment of
external controls, whether parents, teachers, or police - Answer autonomy
Cloward and Ohlin maintain that the types of subcultures and of juvenile gangs that
flourish within them depend on the type of neighborhood in which they develop. -
Answer true
Which of the following type of gangs emerge in areas in which conventional and
illegitimate values and behavior are integrated by a close connection of illegitimate and
legitimate business According to Cloward and Ohlin - Answer criminal gangs
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