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Pre-PCOA Exam Questions And Accurate Answers
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Pre-PCOA Exam Questions And Accurate AnswersMethods of enhancing drug solubility in a solvent - Answer 1. Heat
2. Co-solvents enhance the dissolution of hydrophobic drug molecules by lowering the
dielectric constant of the solvent
3. pH-Dependent solubility
routes a drug is eliminated from the body - Answer liver, kidney, and bile
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins - Answer a. 1°
primary - amino acid sequence of the polypeptide (Controls levels 2, 3, and 4)
b. 2° secondary - local folding (helices, sheets, turns)
c. 3° tertiary - arrangement of 2° structure into a globally fold
d. 4°quaternary - complex of several folded polypeptides
Sequence from the 1° structure determine the folding of the 2°, 3°, and 4° structure
Km meaning for Michaelis-Menten kinetics - Answer Km is the substrate concentration
at which the velocity of a enzyme reaction is at half of it's maximum value (1/2 Vmax)
HIGH Km = LOW affinity
Kcat meaning for Michaelis-Menten kinetics - Answer constant for every enzyme.
Measures catalytic efficiency
Number of substrate molecules catalyzed per enzyme molecule per unit time at
saturation
,Michaelis-Menten kinetics relationship: Answer quantifies the relationship between the
rate of reaction catalyzes by an enzyme and the substrate concentration.
a. Steady-state assumption for Michaelis-Menten kinetics: Answer i. [ES] does not
change with time, i.e., the rate of formation of ES is equal to that of breakdown of ES to
E+S and E+P.
i.rate of synthesis is equal to its rate of degradation.
conditions that affect the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions - Answer a. pH: enzyme
has optimal pH
b. temperature: increase temperature can denature the enzyme
c. enzyme concentration: increase conc will increase the rate as long as substrate conc
is available
substrate concentration
Essential AA's - Answer Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine,
Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan (dependent on Phe: phenylalanine tyrosine), and
Valine
Ketogenic AA and their products - Answer Leu, Lys
degraded to acetyl CoA or acetoacetyl CoA; considered ketogenic because they
produce ketone bodies
Glucogenic AA products - Answer degraded to pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl
CoA, fumarate, or oxaloacetate; considered glucogenic because their carbon skeletons
may be used for synthesis of glucose
Percent strength x% = - Answer x% = xg/100mL
Percent Weight in Weight (W/W)
, Ex: 25% = - Answer weight is always in GRAM
25% = 25 grams per 100 grams
Percent Weight in Volume W/V
Ex: 25% = - Answer 25% = 25 grams per 100 ml
Percent Volume in Volume V/V
25% - Answer i. 25 ml per 100 ml
Frank Starling mechanism - Answer increase in End Diastolic Volume= increase in
Strove Volume = increase in cardiac output.
due to increase in the initial fiber length in cardiac muscle will generate a more forceful
contraction from the ventricle
Cholinergic antagonists - Answer atropine
curare (nicotinic - neuromuscular jcn)
Cholinergic antagonists affect on Cardiovascular system - Answer no effect
Cholinergic antagonists affect on eyes - Answer prevents contract circular muscle
(dialates)
Cholinergic antagonists affect on GI - Answer inhibits salivary glands from increasing
watery secretion and inhibits increase in motility
hormone levels during the menstrual cycle - Answer 1. Before Ovulation: low estrogen,
FSH, and LH
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