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BMSC207 midterm Test with Questions Solved with 100% Correct Answers
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BMSC207 midterm Test with QuestionsSolved with 100% Correct Answers
Protein Mediated Transport - Answer The majority of molecules in the body are
either lipophobic or electrically charged and cannot cross by simple diffusion and so
use facilitated diffusion or active transport.
Channel Proteins - Answer Made of membrane spanning protein subunits that create a
cluster of cylinders with a pore through the center. Named by the substance that
passes through, mainly smaller substances. Open channels-leak channels. Gated
channels are normally closed, chemically gated (ligand), voltage gated, mechanically
gated. Facilitated diffusion is very fast. The size and charge determines what substances
can pass through each channel (selectivity).
Carrier Proteins - Answer Large and complex, changes conformation to move molecules.
Much slower. Can move small organic molecules and ions. There are also cotransporters
that move either symport or antiport. Activated/Deactivated by a change in
concentration or affinity.
Facilitated Diffusion - Answer Some molecules and ions appear to move into and out of
the cell by diffusion but based on their chemical properties cannot be simple diffusion.
This process requires no energy and stops once equilibrium is reached or when the
,channel closes. These cells have mechanisms that prevent equilibrium from
being reached to quickly.
Active Transport - Answer Moves molecules against their concentration gradients
from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
Primary- energy for movement comes directly from hydrolyzing ATP.
Secondary-Uses the potential energy stored in the concentration gradient of one
molecule to push another molecule against their concentration gradient. Usually co-
transport.
sodium-potassium ATPase - Answer a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively
transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell. 3Na+ out 2K+ in.
Creates a disequilibrium. One ATP is used in the process.
Secondary Active Transport - Answer The majority uses the kinetic energy of Na
moving down the conc. gradient to move a different molecule against its conc.
gradient. Can be symport or antiport.
Sodium Glucose Transporter - Answer In the lumen there is more Na and so Na follows
conc. gradient. There is then a configuration change so glucose affinity is increased.
Sodium release triggers another conformation change and glucose affinity drops so it
is released.
Specificity - Answer The ability of a transporter to move one molecule or a closely
related group of molecules.
Ex. GLUT transporters moves NATURALLY occurring 6 carbon sugars but will not
move disaccharide maltose. The more similar molecules the less specific.
Competition - Answer a carrier may move several members of a related group of
substances but these substances compete with one another. It may have a preference
,to one member over another. Some can't even move in a carrier and just clog
the carrier.
Physiology - Answer The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its
component parts, including all its chemical and physical processes. Aristotle said it
was the knowledge of nature. Hippocrates said it was the healing power of nature.
Emergent Properties - Answer Properties of a complex system that cannot be
explained by a knowledge of a systems individual components. A result of complex and
nonlinear interactions. We know the structure of a neuron but how it interacts with
others is much more complex than the structure implies. An example is the human
genome project: 1 gene=1 protein but it is actually much more complex than that.
Integrative Science - Answer Physiology is this. It covers chemistry, molecular biology,
cell biology, and ecology. It is closely tied to anatomy because the structure will
provide a physical base for the function.
Cells - Answer Smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out life processes.
Tissue - Answer Collection of cells carrying out related functions.
Organ - Answer Formation of tissues into a structural and functional unit.
Organ System - Answer Integrated groups of organs.
Body Systems - Answer It is often common to study each system individually but there
is actually a lot of integration between the organ systems. Some variables are controlled
by many systems.
Teleological Approach - Answer The function or "why"
, Ex. Why do red blood cells transport oxygen? Because cells need oxygen and the
RBC's bring it.
Mechanistic Approach - Answer The mechanism or "how"
Ex. How do RBC's transport oxygen? Oxygen bind to hemoglobin in the red blood cells.
This is much more the focus of physiologists.
10 Organ Systems - Answer 1- Musculoskeletal-skeletal, muscles,
bone 2- Integumentary-skin
3- Digestive- stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas
4- Circulatory- heart, blood vessels, blood
5- Respiratory-Lungs, airway
6- Immune- Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes
7- Endocrine- Thyroid gland, adrenal gland
8- Nervous-Brain, spinal cord
9- Urinary- Kidneys, bladder
10- Reproductive- Ovaries, uterus, and testes.
Homeostasis - Answer The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment
despite exposure to external variability. Along with regulation of the internal
environment it is a key focus of physiology. Originally termed by Walter Cannon and
means like of similar condition. Conditions in each person vary slightly.
Homeostasis and Disease - Answer There can be an external change such as toxic
chemicals, physical trauma, foreign invaders or internal changes such as abnormal
cell growth, autoimmune disorders, genetic disorders that lead the body to attempt
to compensate which will either lead to health or a pathophysiological state.
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