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BMSC207 midterm 1 Test with Questions Solved with 100% Correct Answers
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BMSC207 midterm 1 Test with QuestionsSolved with 100% Correct Answers
Negative feedback loop - Answer A pathway in which the response opposes or removes
the stimulus signal is known as negative feedback. It can restore the initial state but
cannot prevent the initial disturbance (Insulin and liver example). It stabilizes a system
(Homeostatic)
Negative feedback loops-blood glucose concentration - Answer When blood in glucose is
increased, the insulin recreates cells
If glucose in not available, glucagon goes in the liver and makes glucose
example of two antagonistic negative feedback loops to maintain variable within
a narrow range
Positive feedback loop - Answer They are NOT homeostatic. Reinforce a stimulus to
drive the system away from a normal value rather than decreasing or removing it
requires intervention or event outside the loop to cease the response.
Positive feedback loop example - Answer Oxytocin causes stretch during labour, and
stretch causes more oxytocin
Feedforward control - Answer A few reflexes have evolved that allow the body
to predict a change is about to occur.
For example: saliva production before eating and just by looking at the food
,Biorhythms - Answer Variables that change predictably and create repeating patterns
or cycles of changes
Chapter 3 Compartmentalization - Answer
Biological rhythms and changes in setpoint - Answer Variables are regulated within a
normal range around a setpoint but setpoints vary from person to person or may vary
within an individual over time. For example: if you are a morning or night person your
biorhythms is a little different because a night person's rhythm is shifted more
towards the left side.
Anatomical Compartment - Answer This part has the body cavities that include:
Cranial Cavity: Brain
Thoracic Cavity: Lungs and heart
Abdominopelvic cavity: GI organs and bladder
Functional Compartment - Answer This part has the body fluid compartments
It has the extracellular fluid (blood plasma and interstitial fluid) and Cells which
includes the ICF
Biological membranes - Answer The compartments in the body are seperated
by membranes
Lipid bilayer - Answer It is a double layer of phospholipids with protein molecules
inserted in them. Extracellular surface contains glycoproteins and glycolipids
Functions of the cell membrane - Answer 1. Physical isolation: Separates ICF from ECF as
well as cells from the external environment
,2. Regulation of exchange with the environment: Regulate what comes in and goes out
3. Communication between the cell and its environment: Contains proteins that
allow for responding or interacting with the external environment
4. Structural support: Proteins in the membrane are used to make cell to
cell connections to form tissues and to anchor the cytoskeleton
Average composition of the cell membrane - Answer 55% protein
45% lipids
%1 Carbohydrates
In general, the more metabolically active the cell is, the more protein it contains
Three types of lipids in the cell membrane - Answer phospholipids
Sphingolipids
Cholesterol
Phospholipids - Answer Considered amphipathic (have a hydrophobic and hydrophilic
regions)
It can form several shapes like a bilayer, micelles (sphere) and liposomes (used
for packaging drugs)
Phospholipid structure - Answer Glycerol backbone
Fatty acid hydrophobic tail
Polar phosphate head (phosphate group and another group)
, Cholesterol - Answer Increases membrane viscosity (stability so can't move
around easily) and decreases permeability
Sphingolipids - Answer They are lipid rafts that are specialized lipids in the membrane
that are uplifted a little because of their long tails that help with protein signalling.
Commonly contain an abundance of proteins important in cell signal transduction
Chapter 1 - Answer
Homeostasis and disease - Answer External or internal change can affect the
homeostasis which causes an internal change and results in loss of homeostasis. If
organism attempts to compensate, then it leads to normal functioning again but if
not, it leads to illness or disease
What external changes lead to a loss of homeostasis - Answer Toxic chemicals
Physical trauma
Foreign invaders (Bacteria or viruses)
What internal changes lead to a loss of homeostasis - Answer Abnormal cell
growth (cancer or tumours)
Autoimune disorders
Genetic disorders
Pathophysiological state - Answer The changes that occur during a disease or
illness process
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