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PHGY 210 Endocrinology Exam Questions And Accurate Answers
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PHGY 210 Endocrinology Exam Questions AndAccurate Answers
Long distance communication - Answer Communication between cells that are not in
contact is effected through a number of chemical substances that interact with
receptors on distant target cells
- Signals on receptor cells lead to a number of physiological effects
Types of signalling: Long term - Answer - Endocrine
- Neuroendocrine
Endocrine signalling - Answer - Involves the release of a hormone into the circulation by
an endocrine gland
- Through which blood vessels, hormones released by anterior pituitary reach a target
site where more than one physiological process takes place
Neuroendocrine signalling - Answer - The neuron is the source of the signal
Types of signalling short term - Answer - Paracrine
- Autocrine
Paracrine signalling - Answer A mode of cell-cell communication by which a cell
produces a signal to elicit changes in target cells in the immediate vicinity
autocrine signalling - this is a form of cell-cell communication in which a cell secretes a
hormone and that same cell has the receptor for that hormone.
Steps in hormone communication - 1. Production of the hormone by cells in an
,endocrine gland (or neurons, in the case of neuroendocrine signaling)
2. Secretion of the hormone by endocrine gland cells/neurons
3. Transport of the hormone or neurohormone to the target site via the bloodstream
4. Detection of the hormone or neurohormone by a certain receptor protein on the
target cells
5. A use of cellular metabolism that is elicited from the hormone-receptor interaction
6. Removal of the hormone that usually terminates the cellular response
Examples of classical endocrine organs - Answer - Hypothalamus and pituitary
- Thyroid and parathyroid
- Heart
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
- Gonads
Hypothalamic-pituitary signalling - Answer - Endocrine signalling between the
hypothalamus and pituitary via blood vessels in the pituitary stalk
Hypothalmic-hypophyseal signalling is between the ____ and ____ - Answer -
Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
Two types of hormones based on function - Answer - releasing or inhibiting
Classes of hormones based on structure - Answer Glycoproteins- sugar coating
Polypeptide- short protein
Steroids - small molecules
Amines - small molecules
Ionic clacium - acts like a hormone - calcium sensing receptor
, Synthesis of protein hormones - Answer - information required for synthesis is encoded
within a gene
- The genes encode the mature polypeptide/glycoprotein
- Intitially synthesized as preprohormones, later the prepro-sequence is cleaved off
Examples of steroid hormones - Answer - Cortisol
- Aldosterone
- Estradiol
- Testosterone
- 4 ring steroid backbone
Structure of thyroid hormones - Answer - Derived from tyrosine
- Contains iodine
- Two forms of steroid hormones: T3 and T4
Which form of thyroid hormone binds to hormone receptors - Answer T4
What are the properties of hormone receptors? - Answer - Specificity: recognition single
of a hormone or hormone family
- Affinity: binding hormone at its physiological concentration
- Saturability: a finite number of receptors
- Measurable biological effect: measurable biological response to the interactions of the
hormone and its receptor
How can receptors be regulated? -Answer - Upregulated by increasing activity or
synthesis in response to hormone
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