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NURO 504 Module 8 Musculoskeletal Exam Latest Update
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NURO 504 Module 8Musculoskeletal Exam Latest
Update
Osteoarthritis (OA) - Answer inflammation of the bone and joint cartilage
Only happens to synovial joint
"wear and tear" disease with inflammation
The articular cartilage + synovium = the inner lining of the joint space
Progressive loss of articular cartilage which causes friction and inflammation.
Risk factors for OA - Answer Age
Decreased estrogen at menopause
Obesity
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
Frequent kneeling and stooping (mechanical stress)
Neurologic disorders
Medications
Condrocytes - Answer cartilage cells that help create balance.
Signs of OA - Answer Synovitis - swelling of the synovial fluid
Eburnation - polished bone
Osteophytes - grow on the outside of bone and cause
Heberden and Bouchard nodes on hand joints
Stiffness in morning that lasts for an hour and returns at the end of the day.
Pain - start ache and burning, worse with activity
no swelling of the joints
Treatment of OA - Answer balance of rest and activity ; nonpharmacological therapy
, (heat/cold); weight reduction; ROM exercises; Drug therapy: goals - reduce pain and
inflammation. (Tylenol, capsaicin cream, NSAID, corticosteroid injections, hyaluronic
acid injections in the joint.)
Surgery
Osteoporosis - Answer A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break
easily. Higher breakdown of bone compared to formation of bone = porous bones
causes of osteoporosis - Answer corticosteroids, heparin pharmacology reactions
bone remodeling - Answer ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.
Depended on serum Ca levels - parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin, and Vit D.
High levels of serum Ca cause pituitary gland to produce calcitonin which inhibits PTH
and stops bone reabsorption and promote bone formation.
Low levels of serum Ca cause PTH to break down more bone to create more Cal.
Vit D- increases Cal absorption in the gut
Things that help reach peak bone mass - Answer Genetic play a role,
Good nutrition of Cal and Vit D.
Strength training and
Hormones - Estrogen
Causes of porous bones - Answer Fewer trabecular, thinning of cortical bone and
widening of Haversian canals.
Increases fracture risk esp. in spine, hip and ribs due to higher content of spongy
bones.
Factors that worse Osteoporosis - Answer Low estrogen -after menopause
Low serum calcium
Alcohol consumption
Smoking
Drugs - corticosteroids - low Ca absorption from gut, heparin and L-thyroxine
Inactivity
Diseases = Turners syndrome, Hyperprolactinemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Cushing
syndrome, DM
symptoms of osteoporosis - Answer Asymptomatic till fractures occur
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