Summary
Summary PSY 103 Summarized Ch.2 Reading Notes
- Course
- PSY 103
- Institution
- University Of Rhode Island
This is a comprehensive and detailed summarized reading note on chapter 2; personality for Psy 103. *Essential Study Material!!
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What Is Personality?● Consistency of behavior across situations lies at the core of personality
● PERSONALITY: an individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits
What Are Personality Traits?
● PERSONALITY TRAIT: a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a
variety of situations.
● Adjectives that describe dispositions that represent personality traits:
○ Honest
○ Dependable
○ Moody
○ Impulsive
○ Suspicious
○ Anxious
● A small number of fundamental traits determine other more superficial traits
The Five-Factor Model of Personality
● The factor asserts that the vast majority of personality traits derive from 5
higher-order traits (Big Five)
○ Extraversion: outgoing, sociable, have a positive outlook
○ Neuroticism: anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure
○ Openness to experience: curiosity, flexibility, imaginativeness
○ Agreeableness: sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, straightforward
○ Conscientiousness: well organized, punctual, and dependable
● Some theories argue only 2 or 3 of the traits are necessary to describe personality
while others think it is more than 5
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
● PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES: all the diverse theories descended from the work
of Sigmund Freud that focus on unconscious mental forces
● Freud devoted himself to the treatment of mental disorders using psychoanalysis
● PSYCHOANALYSIS: requires lengthy verbal interactions in which Freud probed
deeply into patients’ lives
● Freud’s Claims
○ Unconscious forces govern human behavior
, ○ Childhood experiences strongly determine adult personality
○ Individuals’ personalities are shaped by how they cope with their sexual
urges
Structure of Personality
● Freud divided personality into: the id, the ego, and the superego
● THE ID: the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the
pleasure principle
○ Houses raw biological urges (to sleep, eat, defecate, ect)
○ Pleasure principle- demands immediate gratification of these urges
● THE EGO: the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the
reality principle
○ It considers social realities (norms, etiquette, rules) when deciding how to behave
○ Reality principle- delayed gratification of the id’s urges until appropriate outlets
and situations can be found
○ Basically works to tame the despises of the id
○ The ego stripes to avoid negative consequences from society and achieve goals
that can put off gratification
● THE SUPEREGO: the moral component of personality that incorporates social
standards about what represents right and wrong
○ Especially during childhood individuals receive training about what constitutes
good and bad behavior
○ Ppl accept certain moral principles & put pressure on themselves to live up to
these standards
○ Superego emerges at 3 to 5 years of age
● CONSCIOUS: consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time
○ Current train of thought
● PRECONSCIOUS: contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can be
easily retrieved
● UNCONSCIOUS:contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the
surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on one’s
behavior
○ Includes forgotten trauma from childhood or hidden feelings of hostility toward a
parent
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