Exam (elaborations)
Water Distribution System Operation and Maintenance Questions and Answers
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Water Distribution System Operation and Maintenance
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Water Distribution System Operationand Maintenance
What are the benefits of a distribution system storage? - answer1. Demands on the
source of water, pumping facilities, and transmission/distribution mains are more
equalized. 2. System flows and pressures are improved/stabilized. 3. Reserve water
supplies are available in case of emergencies.
Types of Common Storage Facilities? - answer Clear wells, elevated tanks, standpipes,
ground-level storage tanks, hydropneumatics/pressure tanks, and surge tanks
What is Coliform? - answer Group of bacteria found in intestines of warm-blooded
animals, plants, soil, air, and water. It's presence in water is an indication it is polluted.
What is the proper air: water ratio for a hydropneumatics/pressure tank? - answer Two-
thirds water to one-third air.
atm - answer Abbreviation for "atmosphere". 1 atm = 14.7 psi or 100 kPa
Absorption - answerThe taking in or soaking up of one substance into the body of
another by molecular or chemical action
Acid rain - answerPrecipitation that has been rendered acidic by airborne pollutants
Acidic - answerThe condition of water or soil that contains a sufficient amount of acid
substances to lower the pH below 7.0
Acidification - answerThe addition of an acid (nitric or sulfuric) to a sample to lower the
pH below 2.0. The purpose of acidification is to fix a sample so it will not change until it
is analyzed.
Acre-Foot - answerA volume of water that covers 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot, or 43,560
cubic feet
Activated Alumina - answerA charged form of aluminum, used with a synthetic, porous
media in an ion exchange adsorption process to remove charged contaminants
Activated Carbon - answerAdsorptive particles or granules of carbon usually obtained
by heating carbon (ie wood). These particles or granules have a high capacity to
selectively remove certain trace and soluble materials from water.
,Adsorbate - answerThe material being removed by the adsorption process.
Adsorbent - answerThe material (activated carbon) that is responsible for removing the
undesirable substance in the adsorption process.
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) - answerRefers to a system that measures,
collects, and analyzes energy usage while interacting with advanced devices such as
water meters through various communication media, either on demand or on predefined
schedules. This infrastructure includes hardware, software, communications, consumer
energy displays and controllers, customer associated systems, meter data management
software, and supplier and network distribution systems.
Aeration - answerThe process of adding air to water, Air can be added to water by
either passing air through water or passing water through air.
Aerobic - answerA condition in which atmospheric or dissolved oxygen is present in the
aquatic environment.
Age Tank - answerA tank used to store a chemical solution of known concentration for
feed to a chemical feeder. It usually stores sufficient chemical solution to properly treat
the water being treated for at least one day. Also known as "Day Tank".
Air Binding - answerThe clogging of a filter, pipe, or pump due to the presence of air
released from water. Air entering the filter media is harmful to both the filtration and
backwash processes. Air can prevent the passage of water during the filtration process
and can cause the loss of filter media during the backwash process.
Air Gap - answerAn open, vertical drop, or vertical empty space, between a drinking
(potable) water supply and potentially contaminated water. This gap prevents the
contamination of drinking water by backsiphonage because there is no way potentially
contaminated water can reach the drinking water supply.
Alluvial - answerRelating to mud or sand deposited by flowing water. Alluvial deposits
may occur after a heavy rainstorm.
Alternating Current (AC) - answerAn electric current that reverses its direction
(positive/negative values) at regular intervals.
Altitude Valve - answerA valve that automatically shuts off the flow into an elevated tank
when the water level in the tank reaches a predetermined level. The valve automatically
opens when the pressure in the distribution system drops below the pressure in the
tank.
Ambient Temperature - answerTemperature of the surrounding air (or other medium).
For example, temperature of the room where a gas cholorinator is installed.
,Amperage - answerThe strength of an electric current measured in amperes. The
amount of electric current flow, similar to the flow of water in gallons per minute.
Ampere - answerThe unit used to measure current strength. The current produced by
an electromotive force of one volt acting through a resistance of one ohm.
Amperometric - answerA method of measurement that records electric current flowing
or generated, rather than recording voltage. Amperometric titration is a means of
measuring concentrations of certain substances in water.
Amplitude - answerThe maximum stregth of an alternating current during its cycle as
distinguished from the mean or effective strength.
Anaerobic - answerA condition in which atmospheric or dissolved oxygen is not present
in the aquatic environment.
Analog - answerThe continuously variable signal type sent to an analog instrument (for
example, 4-20 mA)
Analog Readout - answerThe readout of an instrument by a pointer.
Analyzer - answerA device that conducts a periodic or continuous measurement of
turbidity or some factor such as chlorine or fluoride concentration.
Available Chlorine - answerA measure of the amount of chlorine available in chlorinated
lime, hypochlorite compounds, and other materials that are used as a source of chlorine
when compared with that of elemental (liquid/gaseous) chlorine.
Available Expansion - answerThe vertical distance from the sand surface to the
underside of a trough in a sand filter. This distance is also called Freeboard.
Axial to Impeller - answerThe direction in which material being pumped flows around the
impeller or flows parallel to the impeller shaft.
Axis of Impeller - answerAn imaginary line running along the center of a shaft (such as
an impeller shaft).
Base Metal - answerA metal (such as iron) that reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to
form hydrogen. Also see Noble Metal.
Batch Process - answerA treatment process in which a tank or reactor is filled, the water
is treated or a chemical solution is prepared, and the tank is emptied. The tank may
then be filled and the process repeated.
Bedding - answerThe soil placed in the bottom of a trench on top of the foundation soil
to provide uniform support for a pipe. In addition to bringing the trench bottom to
, required grade, the bedding levels out any irregularities and ensures uniform support
along the length of the pipe.
Benchmark - answerA standard or point of reference used to judge or measure quality
or value.
Benchmarking - answerComparing information/data to that of other agencies.
Bench-Scale Analysis (Test) - answerA method of studying different ways or chemical
does for treating water or wastewater and solids on a small scale in a laboratory. Also
see Jar Test.
Blank - answerA bottle containing only dilution water or distilled water; the sample being
tested is not added. Tests are frequently run on a sample and a blank and the
differences are compared. The procedure helps to eliminate or reduce test result errors
that could be caused when the dilution water or distilled water used is contaminated.
Bonnet - answerThe cover on a gate valve.
Bowl/Pump - answerThe submerged pumping unit in a well, including the shaft,
impellers, and housing.
Brake Horsepower (BHP) - answer1. The horsepower required at the top or end of a
pump shaft (input to a pump) 2. The energy provided by a motor or other power source.
Calibration - answerA procedure that checks or adjusts an instrument's accuracy by
comparison with a standard or reference.
Call Date - answerFirst date a bond can be paid off.
Capillary Action - answerThe movement of water through very small spaces due to
molecular forces.
Capillary Forces - answerThe molecular forces that cause the movement of water
through very small spaces.
Capillary Fringe - answerThe porous material just above the water table that may hold
water by capillarity (a property of surface tension that draws water upware) in the
smaller void spaces.
Capital Improvement Plan - answerA detailed plan that indentifies requirements for the
repair, replacement, and rehabilitiation of facility infrastructure over an extended period,
often 20 years or more. A utility usually updates or prepares this plan annually.
Carcinogen - answerAny substance that tends to produce cancer in an organism.
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