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BCH FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS 2024.
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BCH FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS 2024.
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BCH FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECTDETAILED ANSWERS 2024.
what is metabolism - ANSWER- - the entire network of biochemical reactions that occur
in living cells
__________________ metabolism is often defined as those reactions involving low
molecular weight biomolecules - ANSWER- intermediary
what are metabolites - ANSWER- small molecule intermediates in the degradation or
biosynthesis of biopolymers
metabolites can be the ______________, _________________________, and the
____________________ of a given metabolic pathway - ANSWER- substrates, reaction
intermediates, and the products
reactions that result in the production of macromolecules are called
____________________ and require _________________ - ANSWER- anabolic
reactions
energy in the form of ATP
what are the precursor molecules used to form macromolecules through anabolic
reactions - ANSWER- amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and nitrogenous bases
anabolic reactions are typically _______________ reactions - ANSWER- reduction
catabolic reactions are typically ______________ reactions - ANSWER- oxidation
energy is _____________ in catabolic reactions - ANSWER- produced in the form of
ATP
what are some energy containing molecules broken down in catabolic reactions -
ANSWER- carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
what are the energy depleted end products of catabolic reactions - ANSWER- CO2,
H2O, and NH3
a significant amount of genome is committed to ______________
- ____% of _____ in e coli
- _____% of _____ in yeast
-______% of ______ in humans - ANSWER- metabolism
21 of 900
21 of 1200
23 of 5000
,metabolic pathways are ____________________
- the product of one reaction _________________
- 3 types of pathways: - ANSWER- sequences of reactions
- serves as the substrate for the next reaction
linear pathway
circular pathway
spiral pathway
______________ metabolic pathway is most frequently used for building biopolymers
such as lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and polysaccharides - ANSWER- spiral pathway
in ____________ metabolic pathways often the same enzyme is used to catalyze the
subsequent reaction to produce an enlarged or elongated product - ANSWER- spiral
what is the benefit of metabolic pathways proceeding via discreet steps - ANSWER- -
each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme (better control mechanism)
- multiple steps help to control energy input and output (invest a little energy at a time)
- sharing of intermediates between pathways
regulation of ________________ is essential for the efficiency and ordered flow of
metabolism - ANSWER- enzyme activity
how can enzymes be regulated - ANSWER- - substrate level control
- regulation at committed steps of pathways
--> feedback and feedforward
--> allosteric regulation
- covalent modification
metabolic pathways are _____________ they are located within specific regions,
organelles or membranes of the cell - ANSWER- compartmentalized
what are the advantages of metabolic pathways being compartmentalized - ANSWER- -
pools of metabolites for specific pathways are localized and concentrated at specific
sites in the cell
- allows for opposing metabolic pathways to occur at the same time (fatty acid synthesis
in the cytosol and breakdown in the mitochondria)
- allows coordinated regulation of the individual reactions
- allows spatial organization of a seqence of reactions
- specialization of tissues allow division of labor and for better efficiency and site specific
regulation
Cofactors can be divided into ________________ and _______________ - ANSWER-
essential ions and coenzymes
, essential ions can be divided into ____________ and ______________ - ANSWER-
activator ions (loosely bound)
metal ions of metalloenzymes (tightly bound)
coenzymes can be divided into ________________ and __________ - ANSWER-
cosubstrates (loosely bound)
prosthetic groups (tightley bound)
examples of activator ions - ANSWER- cation: K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
examples of metal ions of metalloenzymes - ANSWER- Iron-sulfer cluster
2 Fe- 2S or 4Fe-4S
examples of cosubstrates - ANSWER- ATP
NAD+
NADP+
coenzyme A
ubiquinone
examples or prosthetic groups - ANSWER- heme group
FAD
FMN
how do iron sulfur clusters bind to enzymes - ANSWER- through the S atoms in
Cysteine residues
what is the major metabolic role of ATP - ANSWER- transfer of phosphoryl or
nucleotidyl groups
what is the major metabolic role of NAD+ and NADP+
vitamin source? - ANSWER- oxidation-reduction reactions involving two electron
transfer
niacin (B3)
what is the major metabolic role of Coenzyme A
vitamin source? - ANSWER- transfer of acyl groups
pantotenate (B5)
what is the major metabolic role of FMN/FAD
vitamin source - ANSWER- oxidation-reduction reactions involving one and two electron
transfers
riboflavin (b2)
what is the major metabolic role of heme group - ANSWER- electron transfer
what is the major metabolic role of ubiquinone - ANSWER- lipid soluble electron carrier
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