Samenvatting voor het vak 'kwantitatieve methoden voor bedrijfskunde' AKA statistiek. Gedoceert in het academiejaar . Dit is een samenvatting gebaseerd op de slides en aangevuld met informatie uit het handboek en de hoorcolleges.
Exam Guide for Applied Multivariate Data Analysis – Get yourself a Wonderful Grade!
Summary of Statistics (IBC), Radboud University
Answers assignment 3 business research methods
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Bedrijfskunde
Kwantitatieve methode voor bedrijfskunde
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Statistiek
Kwantitatieve methoden voor
bedrijfskunde
Sander Wouters
Module 1: Why do we learn statistics?
1 Introduction
1.1 Why do we need science?
- To answer questions (BV: Does eating tomatoes help against cancer?)
- To understand things better, the world, ourselfs, our universe.
- Science is based around curiosity
→To answer interesting questions, we need DATA and EXPLANATIONS for those data.
1.2 Types of data
QUALITATIVE DATA: A paragraph which describes in words how your relationship is.
QUANTITATIVE DATA: A Relationship Assessment Scale which indicates with numbers
going from 1 to 5 to answer certain questions.
,1.3 Types of data analysis
Quantitative research methods → Testing theories using numbers. (when numbers are involved)
Qualitative research methods → Testing theories using language. (When language is involved)
= These methods are complementary and not competing approaches.
1.4 Why do we need statistics?
- We need to learn about numbers because they are a form of data and are vital to the
research process.
- Statistics provide us the necessary tool to draw consistent conclusion, to make valid
statements in general based on a limited number of observations. (Scaling to the
population for example)
- Understanding statistics gives you power to negotiate the world, to evaluate evidence
for yourself or to make informed decisions and not blindly accept things. (VUB MOTO)
2
,2 The research process
2.1 Initial observation
Can be anecdotical or data
based.
- Anecdotical: You’ve
noticaed that your cat
watches birds when
they’re on TV but not
when jellyfish are on.
- Data: You’ve got
several cat owners to
keep diaries of their
cats TV habits and
notived that lots of
them watch birds.
We need an initial
observation to formulate a
research question. TO find
something that needs
explaining.
- Observe the real word
o Can be data: T shirt example
▪ E.g.; A t-shirt seller gave away free wristband with every t-shirt. At the
end of the day, he sold more shirts than the previous days. He thought it
was because of the free wristband. However, how does he know that it
was because of the free wristband?
▪ Perhaps it was just one of those days where he sells a lot of t shirts or wat
it the wristband offer that made the difference?
o Can be anecdotical: TV contestants example (see P5)
- Read other research (masterthesis)
3
, 2.2 Generating and testing theories
THEORY: Is een uitleg of een reeks elementen dat goed onderbouwd is door herhaald testen
en legt een fenomeen uit. (critical mass of evidence to support the idea)
HYPOTHESIS: een voorgestelde uitleg voor een specifieke observatie. Een voorspelling uit
een theorie.
PREDICTION: Komt uit de hypothese en vervormt de hypothese van iets onobserveerbaar
naar iets observeerbaar. Van conceptueel naar observeerbaar.
FALSIFICATION: act of disproving a theory or hypothesis.
Verschil theorie en hypothese: Willen beide de wereld uitleggen maar een theorie leg teen
breed fenomeen uit met enkele onderbouwde principes en een hypothese wilt een specifieker
fenomeen uitleggn dat nog niet getest is. Beide zitten in het conceptueel domein en zijn dus niet
direct observeerbaar.
Verschil hypothese en predictie: een hypothese is een verklarende statement, het is in zichzelf
niet observeerbaar. Een predicitie is niet de hypothese die operationeel is gemaakt. Het kan
helpen om de plausibility van de hypothese te verklaren.
EXAMPLE: X en Y zullen langer samen blijven dan het gemiddelde Koppel. Dit is testbaar.
Zeggen dat X en Y het perfecte Koppel zijn kan geen predictive zijn want het is niet empirisch
meetbaar.
EXAMPLE with t shirt sales
Theorie: People buy things when they believe that they are getting value for money.
Hypothese: T shirt sales increase because a free gift improves the value for money.
Predictie: If a seller offers a free gift, he will sell more t shirts.
Een predictive moet een wetenschappelijke statement zijn, een statement die can geverifierd
worden met verwijzing naar bewijsmateriaal
4
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