100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
Previously searched by you
Organic chemistry test study guide notes for Aldehydes and Ketones Electrophilicity and Oxidation Reduction Nucleophilic Addition Reactions Oxidation Reduction Reactions and Description and Properties concept summary good for mcat prep$9.64
Organic chemistry test study guide notes for Aldehydes and Ketones Electrophilicity and Oxidation Reduction Nucleophilic Addition Reactions Oxidation Reduction Reactions and Description and Properties concept summary good for mcat prep
5 views 0 purchase
Course
Ochem
Institution
Document Description: Organic Chemistry Test Study Guide for Aldehydes and Ketones
This document serves as a comprehensive study guide focusing on key concepts related to aldehydes and ketones, which are crucial topics in organic chemistry. It covers the following main sections:
Electrophilic...
Test Study Guide: -Enolate Chemistry
-General Principles
Ch.7 Enolates
-Aldol Condensation
-And More
CONCEPT SUMMARY
General Principles of Carbonyl Chemistry:
1. a-Carbon Identification: The carbon adjacent to the carbonyl carbon is referred to as the a-carbon, while the
hydrogens attached to this a-carbon are known as a-hydrogens.
2. Acidity of a-Hydrogens: a-Hydrogens exhibit relatively acidic properties and can be effectively removed by
strong bases.
3. C-H Bond Weakening: The presence of the electron-withdrawing oxygen in the carbonyl group contributes to
the weakening of C-H bonds on a-carbons.
4. Enolate Stability via Resonance: Upon deprotonation, the resulting enolate can be stabilized through resonance
with the carbonyl group.
5. Reactivity of Ketones: Ketones show reduced reactivity towards nucleophiles due to steric hindrance and
destabilization of the a-carbanion.
6. Impact of Alkyl Groups: An additional alkyl group introduces crowding in the transition state, leading to
increased energy and decreased stability of the carbanion due to electron density donation.
Points of Enolate Chemistry
1. Keto and Enol Forms
Aldehydes and ketones predominantly exist in the keto form (C=O), but can also exist in the enol form,
characterized by a double bond and a hydroxyl group (ene + ol).
2. Tautomerism
Tautomers are isomers that can be interconverted through the migration of a hydrogen atom and a double bond.
The keto and enol forms are examples of such tautomers.
3. Formation of Enolates
The enol form can undergo deprotonation to yield an enolate, which serves as a strong nucleophile in chemical
reactions.
4. Michael Addition Reaction
In the Michael addition mechanism, an enolate attacks an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound, resulting in the
formation of a new carbon-carbon bond.
5. Kinetic vs. Thermodynamic Enolates
Kinetic enolates are favored under conditions of fast, irreversible reactions at lower temperatures using strong,
sterically hindered bases.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller byebye. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.64. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
