WGU D027: Advanced
Pathopharmacological Foundations
Exam Questions | Questions and Correct
Answers Rated A | 2024/2025 Guide
What is heparin?
- Correct Answer - - Indirect thrombin inhibitor
- Common suffix is "-parin" (i.e. heparin, enoxaparin, dalteparin)
How does heparin work?
- Correct Answer - - Inhibits factor X and thrombin formation
What are adverse effects of heparin?
- Correct Answer - - Excessive bleeding
- Bruising
- Fast acting and has a short half life
,What is the antidote for heparin?
- Correct Answer - - Protamine sulfate
What lab is used to monitor heparin?
- Correct Answer - - aPTT
What is a normal aPTT level?
- Correct Answer - - 1.5 to 2.5
- Normal range: 25 to 35 seconds
- With heparin: aPTT may be 60 to 90 seconds
What is warfarin sodium (coumadin)?
- Correct Answer - - Vitamin K antagonists
- Absence of vitamin K inhibits activation of factors 2, 7, 9, and 10
which prevents formation of a fibrin clot
- Onset of action is 2 to 7 days (any change in the dose or
addition of other drugs which may affect coumadin will not be
evident)
,What are adverse effects of warfarin sodium (coumadin)?
- Correct Answer - - Bleeding
- Bruising
What are some contraindications of warfarin sodium (coumadin)?
- Correct Answer - - Interacts with multiple herbal products or
products
- The G's: ginger, green tea, gingko biloba, ginseng
- Foods high in vitamin K (i.e. prunes, spinach, kale)
What is the antidote to warfarin sodium (coumadin)?
- Correct Answer - - Vitamin K
What laboratory test is used to measure coumadin?
- Correct Answer - - INR
- Prothrombin (PT)
What is the normal range of INR?
- Correct Answer - - In patients not taking coumadin, <1
, - Patients taking coumadin, 2 to 4 depending on the patient's
diagnosis
What is a normal PT time?
- Correct Answer - - 1.5 to 2.5 times the normal range
- Normal value: 9 to 12 seconds
What are direct factor x inhibitors?
- Correct Answer - - Common suffix is "-xaban" (i.e. rivaroxaban
or apixaban (eliquis))
What is the mechanism of action for direct factor x inhibitors?
- Correct Answer - - Works by directly inhibiting the conversion
of factor X to factor Xa
What are some common adverse reactions to direct factor x
inhibitors? - Correct Answer - - Excessive bleeding
- Bruising
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