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Summary Advanced C Programming - COS1160
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Introduction to C- ProgrammingHistory of C Language
The C Language is a general purpose, high level and structured oriented programming
language developed at Bell laboratories in 1972, by Dennis M. Ritchie.
C programming features, where derived from an earlier language called ‘B’ (BCPL- Basic
Combined Programming Language).
C language was invented for implementing UNIX operating system.
In 1978, Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan published the first edition “ The C
Programming Language” and commonly known as “K & R C”
In 1983, the ANSI (American National Standard Institute) established a committee to
provide a modern, comprehensive definition of C. The resulting definition is the ANSI C,
completed in 1988.
Features of C Language
The following are the standard features of C Language as follows.
1. Portability: Programs written in C language can be run on any compiler with little or no
modifications of a program.
2. Flexibility: C language has number of reserved keywords, which helps the programmers
to take control over the usage of language and to modify the structure of program.
3. Modularity: C language provides feature of modularity, i.e. we can breakdown a large
program into manageable modules. This feature provides easy to understand and
debugging of the program will become faster.
4. Robustness: C language is a robust language, with rich set of built-in functions and
operators that can be used to write any complex programs.
5. Extensibility: In C language program, the new features can be added at any time by the
programmer to the existing program.
6. Efficiency and effectiveness: Programs written in C language are fast and efficient, due
to the variety of data types and powerful operators.
,Applications of C Language
C is a general-purpose, high-level language that was originally developed by Dennis M. Ritchie to
develop the UNIX operating system at Bell Labs. C was originally first implemented on the DEC PDP-11
computer in 1972.
Some of applications of the C language are:
1. C language is used for creating computer applications.
2. C language is used to write embedded software’s.
3. It is also used in developing verification software, test code, simulators etc. for various
applications and hardware products.
4. Used for creating Language Compilers, Assemblers, Text editors, Network Drivers,
Language interpreters, Database programs, and utilities.
5. C is used to implement different Operating System Operations.
6. UNIX Kernel is completely developed in C Language.
C Programming Development Cycle
Executing a program written in C Language involves a series of steps. They are:
1. Creating the program
2. Compiling the program
3. Linking your program with whatever function needed from the library
4. Executing the program.
1. Creating the program: The software used to write a program is known as text editor. A
text editor helps us to enter, change and store character data. After we complete the
program, we save our file to disk. This file will be input to the compiler and this file is
known as source file.
2. Compiling the program: The compiler software (Program) translates the source file into
its equivalent machine language code and also it displays if any syntactical errors in the
program.
3. Linking the program: Linking is process of putting together other program files and
functions that are required by the source program. For example, if the program is using
printf() function, then the object code of this function should be brought from the
stdio.h library of the system and linked it to the source program.
4. Executing the program: Once the .EXE file is created and stored on the disk, it is ready
for execution. When we execute it, it is first brought from the disk into the memory
(RAM) by an operating system component called Program Loader then asks for input
parameters from the user, processes it and produces the results to user.
,
, Structure of a C Program
Structure describes the way in which a program can be written, and the structure of a C
Program looks like:
Figure: Structure of C Program with example
Documentation Section: It consists of a set of comment lines giving the name of the program
and other details.
Preprocessor Directives: This section contains header file section, it provides instructions to
the compiler to link functions from the system library and macro definition section, used
defines all symbolic constants.
Function Prototyping: This includes nature of the functions, such as return type, name of
function and list of arguments.
Syntax: return_type function_name(arguments_list);
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