Zeer gedetailleerde en zorgvuldig uitgewerkte notities van het vak Fundamentele Wijsbegeerte t.e.m. Derrida die de structuur van de slides volgen en met (verwijzingen naar) passages (in het handboek) die de professor voorleest in de les, alsook met een korte recapitulatie op het einde waarmee de pr...
Structuur van de cursus................................................................................................................................. 1
Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................................1
deel I: de lotgevallen van de filosofische rationaliteit..........................................................................................1
Oudheid.................................................................................................................................................................1
Middeleeuwen......................................................................................................................................................1
Moderniteit...........................................................................................................................................................1
Einde van de moderniteit?....................................................................................................................................1
deel II: wijsbegeerte als historisch-hermeneutische wetenschap........................................................................1
Ontstaan van de hermeneutiek als wetenschap..................................................................................................1
het historische verstaan in de geesteswetenschappen........................................................................................1
uit-leiding: is dit het einde?..................................................................................................................................1
Preliminaria (theoretisch).............................................................................................................................. 1
Plato’s grot............................................................................................................................................................1
Filosofie en ideologie............................................................................................................................................4
argumentatie................................................................................................................................................4
technisch vocabularium...............................................................................................................................4
stelling poneren...........................................................................................................................................4
filosofie stelt zich open................................................................................................................................4
ruimte voor kritiek en vragen......................................................................................................................4
definitieve zekerheden.................................................................................................................................5
conservatief..................................................................................................................................................5
Historiciteit van de filosofie..................................................................................................................................5
Wereldbeelden.....................................................................................................................................................7
revoluties......................................................................................................................................................7
avant-garde..................................................................................................................................................7
breuken........................................................................................................................................................7
conservatief-legitimerend............................................................................................................................7
kritisch-progressief.......................................................................................................................................7
Oudheid........................................................................................................................................................ 8
van mythos naar logos..........................................................................................................................................8
grond-leggende gebeurtenis........................................................................................................................8
niet kritisch...................................................................................................................................................8
normatief & legitimerend.............................................................................................................................8
contact vreemde volkeren (antropomorfisme)...........................................................................................8
mondelinge naar schriftelijke cultuur..........................................................................................................8
=> kritiek op mythe......................................................................................................................................8
Natuurfilosofen.....................................................................................................................................................9
“Alles vloeit, niets blijft.”............................................................................................................................11
permanente flux.........................................................................................................................................11
“Oorlog is de vader van alle dingen.”........................................................................................................12
conflict = constitutief.................................................................................................................................12
“Dat het is, en dat het onmogelijk is dat het niet is.”................................................................................14
“Het zijnde is, het niet-zijnde is niet.”.......................................................................................................14
Zijnde..........................................................................................................................................................14
niet ontstaan..........................................................................................................................................14
ondeelbaar.............................................................................................................................................14
onbeweeglijk en begrensd.....................................................................................................................14
volmaakt................................................................................................................................................14
bolvormig...............................................................................................................................................14
°Ethiek.................................................................................................................................................................19
, ° democratie0..............................................................................................................................................20
† bloedwraak0............................................................................................................................................20
phulai -> dèmoi0.........................................................................................................................................20
rondtrekkende leraren...............................................................................................................................20
‘democratisch’ Athene...............................................................................................................................21
logos -> mono-loog....................................................................................................................................21
opportunisme vs. gefundeerd relativisme (Protagoras)............................................................................21
vs. Sofisten.................................................................................................................................................21
deugd = inzicht...........................................................................................................................................22
dia-loog.......................................................................................................................................................22
ironie..........................................................................................................................................................22
dood...........................................................................................................................................................22
Systeembouwers (Plato & Aristoteles)...............................................................................................................23
Cliché?........................................................................................................................................................23
Context.......................................................................................................................................................24
Aristocratische familie...........................................................................................................................24
Intellectuele en historisch context........................................................................................................24
politieke overgangsperiode...............................................................................................................24
ethisch relativisme............................................................................................................................24
immoreel politiek streven.................................................................................................................24
Dionysius II........................................................................................................................................24
Academie...........................................................................................................................................25
Continuïteit en vernieuwing......................................................................................................................25
Plato vs. platonisme...............................................................................................................................25
Socratische ethiek..................................................................................................................................26
Verruiming en innovaties......................................................................................................................26
Zielsleer.............................................................................................................................................26
Inzichtelijke........................................................................................................................................26
Mythos?.....................................................................................................................................................27
Ethiek..........................................................................................................................................................27
probleem van de morele opvoeding.....................................................................................................27
morele staatsorde..................................................................................................................................28
parallel ziel – staat.................................................................................................................................29
kritiek.....................................................................................................................................................29
Epistemologie.............................................................................................................................................29
zintuiglijk waarneembare wereld ~ mening..........................................................................................29
Onstabiel..........................................................................................................................................29
Onzuiver...........................................................................................................................................30
Particulier..........................................................................................................................................30
Kennis....................................................................................................................................................31
Stabiel...............................................................................................................................................31
universeel..........................................................................................................................................31
Volmaakt..........................................................................................................................................31
ideeënwereld........................................................................................................................................31
Twee werelden...........................................................................................................................................32
Participatie en mimèsis..............................................................................................................................33
Ideeën van alles?........................................................................................................................................34
Het Goede..................................................................................................................................................35
“aan gene zijde van het zijn”................................................................................................................35
ideëel en ideaal......................................................................................................................................35
parallel met de zon (cf. Plato’s grot).....................................................................................................35
onkenbaarheid en transcendentie........................................................................................................35
Methode.....................................................................................................................................................36
, Anamnese..............................................................................................................................................36
Maieutiek...............................................................................................................................................36
dialectiek................................................................................................................................................37
‘leren sterven’........................................................................................................................................37
Tegengewicht: scala amoris.......................................................................................................................37
The Matrix..................................................................................................................................................38
Systematische wetenschap........................................................................................................................39
allesomvattend systeem........................................................................................................................39
afgebakende disciplines.........................................................................................................................39
empirisch (vs. moderne wetenschap)...................................................................................................39
observatie -> ‘echte’ kennis...................................................................................................................39
kennis omwille van kennis................................................................................................................39
universele oorzaken..........................................................................................................................40
Categorieën................................................................................................................................................40
methode = logica...................................................................................................................................40
tien basisvragen/perspectieven............................................................................................................40
structuren van verstand én werkelijkheid.............................................................................................41
Substantie..........................................................................................................................................41
Kwantiteit..........................................................................................................................................41
Relatie................................................................................................................................................41
Activiteit............................................................................................................................................41
Houding.............................................................................................................................................41
Kwaliteit.............................................................................................................................................41
Plaats.................................................................................................................................................41
Tijd.....................................................................................................................................................41
Ondergaan.........................................................................................................................................42
Aanhebben........................................................................................................................................42
logica = onto-logica................................................................................................................................42
Substantie en accidenten......................................................................................................................43
substantie = ‘dit’ = ‘datgene wat identiek blijft’...............................................................................43
accidenten = eigenschappen = veranderlijk......................................................................................43
Oorzaken....................................................................................................................................................44
‘echte kennis’ = universele oorzaken (cf. supra)...................................................................................44
vier oorzaken.........................................................................................................................................44
causa materialis.................................................................................................................................44
causa efficiens...................................................................................................................................44
causa finalis.......................................................................................................................................44
causa formalis....................................................................................................................................44
teleologie: vorm is doelgericht..............................................................................................................45
artefacten vs. organismen.................................................................................................................45
Vs. Darwin..................................................................................................................................................46
Statisch perspectief: hylemorfisme ⏸️ ......................................................................................................46
Kennis (!)....................................................................................................................................................47
via abstractie van de vorm....................................................................................................................48
de-materialiseren..............................................................................................................................48
des-individualiseren..........................................................................................................................48
kennis = kennis van de vorm.................................................................................................................49
heeft betrekking op het universele.......................................................................................................49
Dynamisch perspectief: act en potentie ▶️ ..............................................................................................49
doel = volmaakte vorm..........................................................................................................................49
actualisering = realisering van de vorm.................................................................................................50
entelechie..............................................................................................................................................50
Hoogste goddelijke zijnde..........................................................................................................................50
, Pure vorm..............................................................................................................................................51
Pure act..................................................................................................................................................51
Denkact..................................................................................................................................................51
zichzelf denkende denken.....................................................................................................................51
onbewogen beweger.............................................................................................................................52
Doeloorzaak...........................................................................................................................................52
Ethiek..........................................................................................................................................................52
Geluk......................................................................................................................................................52
‘weten dat’ vs. ‘weten hoe’...................................................................................................................53
poièsis vs. praxis....................................................................................................................................53
via deugd................................................................................................................................................54
Definitie (!)........................................................................................................................................54
hoogste geluk = theoretische activiteit.............................................................................................55
Late oudheid.......................................................................................................................................................57
Schaalvergroting........................................................................................................................................57
Hellenisme.............................................................................................................................................57
Romeinse Rijk........................................................................................................................................57
kosmopolitisme.........................................................................................................................................57
ethiek.........................................................................................................................................................57
scholen.......................................................................................................................................................58
Vroege stoa: Zeno van Citium (ca. 4de-3de eeuw v.C.).............................................................................58
‘leven overeenkomstig de natuur’.........................................................................................................58
Rede...................................................................................................................................................58
Apatheia............................................................................................................................................58
Latere Stoa.................................................................................................................................................59
‘enkel nastreven wat in onze macht ligt’...............................................................................................59
Indifferentia.......................................................................................................................................60
kosmopolitische solidariteit..............................................................................................................61
Epicurus (4de-3de eeuw v.C.).......................................................................................................................61
geluk = genot.........................................................................................................................................61
soorten verlangens................................................................................................................................61
1) natuurnoodzakelijke.....................................................................................................................62
2) natuurlijke, niet-noodzakelijke.....................................................................................................62
3) niet-natuurlijke, niet-noodzakelijke..............................................................................................62
Fysica......................................................................................................................................................63
De dood..................................................................................................................................................63
lathe biôsas, leef verborgen..................................................................................................................64
Plotinus (ca. 3de eeuw n.C.)........................................................................................................................64
Emanatie................................................................................................................................................64
Ene/Goede.........................................................................................................................................65
Geest/intellect...................................................................................................................................65
ziel.....................................................................................................................................................65
(zintuigelijke wereld).........................................................................................................................65
(materie)............................................................................................................................................65
synthese Oudheid..................................................................................................................................66
~ philosophia Christiana........................................................................................................................66
, heilsgeschiedenis.......................................................................................................................................68
individualiteit en lichamelijkheid...............................................................................................................69
herontdekking Aristoteles..................................................................................................................................69
Latijnse vertalingen (Avicenna & Averroës)...............................................................................................69
Griekse originelen......................................................................................................................................70
Speculatief..................................................................................................................................................70
Geocentrisch..............................................................................................................................................70
ondermaans vs. bovenmaans....................................................................................................................71
‘natuurlijke plaats’.....................................................................................................................................71
kwalitatief (vier elementen).......................................................................................................................71
aristotelische conflictstof...................................................................................................................................72
vertrekpunt: geen ‘twee waarheden’........................................................................................................74
geloven (fides) vs. weten (ratio)................................................................................................................74
praeambula fidei........................................................................................................................................74
Epistemologie.............................................................................................................................................76
“Nihil est in intellectu quod non prius fuerit in sensu.”.........................................................................76
Abstractie...............................................................................................................................................76
lumen naturale & prima intelligibilia.....................................................................................................76
conflictstof.............................................................................................................................................77
transcendente vormen (!).................................................................................................................77
universalia-debat..........................................................................................................................77
Bestaan.....................................................................................................................................77
bestaan niet..............................................................................................................................77
universalia bestaan op drie manieren..........................................................................................77
als exemplaria...........................................................................................................................77
in de dingen..............................................................................................................................77
in het verstand..........................................................................................................................77
transcendentie van het goddelijke....................................................................................................78
Aristoteles: geen causa efficiens, en ‘zichzelf denkende denken’................................................78
essentie vs. existentie...................................................................................................................78
ontologische hiërarchie................................................................................................................78
substantie = essentie = existentie (ipsum esse subsistens).....................................................78
substantie = essentie + existentie (forma subsistens).............................................................79
substantie = essentie + existentie + stof..................................................................................79
=> God is causa finalis en causa efficiens.....................................................................................79
onsterfelijkheid van de ziel...............................................................................................................80
ziel is als vorm gebonden aan het lichaam...................................................................................80
denken overstijgt lichamelijkheid.................................................................................................80
=> forma subsistens......................................................................................................................80
Ethiek..........................................................................................................................................................80
onvolmaakte vs. volmaakte geluk.........................................................................................................80
deugden.................................................................................................................................................81
van het verstand................................................................................................................................81
van het streven..................................................................................................................................81
theologische deugden.......................................................................................................................81
ultieme doel = het goede.......................................................................................................................81
facultas vs. usus.....................................................................................................................................81
‘kardinale deugden’0..............................................................................................................................81
scheiding rede & geloof..............................................................................................................................81
tegen universalia-realisme.........................................................................................................................82
almachtige God..........................................................................................................................................82
onmogelijk door te dringen in Gods denken.........................................................................................82
, manier waarop ik de werkelijkheid ken is niet noodzakelijk manier waarop de werkelijkheid bestaat
...............................................................................................................................................................82
waarneming enkel particularia..............................................................................................................82
universalia slechts namen (nomina)......................................................................................................82
Realisme vs. nominalisme..........................................................................................................................83
Scheermes van Ockham.............................................................................................................................83
“entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem”..........................................................................83
ontologische spaarzaamheid.............................................................................................................83
epistemologische spaarzaamheid.....................................................................................................83
=> scheiding geloof & rede....................................................................................................................84
=> ontvoogding filosofische rationaliteit...............................................................................................84
Moderniteit................................................................................................................................................. 85
Godsdienstoorlogen............................................................................................................................................85
nieuwe wetenschap (Bacon)...............................................................................................................................85
opmars van het subject.......................................................................................................................................85
wijsbegeerte ten dienste van wetenschap & subject.........................................................................................85
Context.......................................................................................................................................................87
progressie wetenschap vs. stagnatie filosofie.......................................................................................87
wiskundige methode.............................................................................................................................88
analyse...............................................................................................................................................88
synthese............................................................................................................................................88
mathesis universalis...............................................................................................................................88
rationalisme (vs. empirisme).................................................................................................................89
Twijfel.........................................................................................................................................................89
Methodisch............................................................................................................................................89
Universeel..............................................................................................................................................90
Auctoritates.......................................................................................................................................90
Zintuigen............................................................................................................................................90
metafysische twijfel (hypothese malin génie)..................................................................................90
Eerste zekerheid: cogito (i).........................................................................................................................91
dat ik twijfel...........................................................................................................................................91
dat ik twijfel...........................................................................................................................................91
--> cogito, ergo sum of « je pense, donc je suis ».................................................................................91
dualisme (res cogitans vs. res extensa)................................................................................................91
gesloten bewustzijn?.............................................................................................................................92
Identiteit............................................................................................................................................92
prioriteit intellectuele activiteit.......................................................................................................92
Het probleem van de brug.........................................................................................................................93
idée claire et distincte...........................................................................................................................93
logisch evident..................................................................................................................................93
op zichzelf gekend............................................................................................................................93
bijkomende criteria...............................................................................................................................93
Ingeboren.........................................................................................................................................94
verwijst per definitie naar bestaan buiten cogito.............................................................................94
garandeert juistheid denken van buiten uit.....................................................................................94
Tweede zekerheid: God..............................................................................................................................94
idée de l’infini – idee van oneindigheid................................................................................................94
logisch evident...................................................................................................................................94
op zichzelf gekend.............................................................................................................................94
ingeboren..........................................................................................................................................94
verwijst per definitie naar bestaan buiten cogito ?..........................................................................94
garandeert juistheid denken van buiten uit ?...................................................................................94
, < twee godsbewijzen.........................................................................................................................95
1) a posteriori godsbewijs.................................................................................................................95
Causaliteit.....................................................................................................................................95
effect = idee van het oneindige................................................................................................95
oorzaak ≥ gevolg.......................................................................................................................95
--> cogito ≠ oorzaak..................................................................................................................95
--> oorzaak buiten mij..............................................................................................................95
--> oorzaak = volmaakte oneindigheid = God..........................................................................95
2) a priori godsbewijs........................................................................................................................95
Analyse..........................................................................................................................................96
oneindigheid impliceert volmaaktheid....................................................................................96
wat niet bestaat, kan niet volmaakt zijn..................................................................................96
--> idee oneindigheid impliceert bestaan oneindigheid..........................................................96
--> idee oneindigheid impliceert goedheid en waarachtigheid...............................................96
verwijst per definitie naar bestaan buiten cogito.............................................................................97
garandeert juistheid denken van buiten uit.....................................................................................97
--> † hypothese malin génie..............................................................................................................97
--> denken is gered, de buiten-wereld (nog) niet.............................................................................97
Derde zekerheid: buitenwereld.................................................................................................................97
idée de l’étendu.....................................................................................................................................98
logisch evident...................................................................................................................................98
op zichzelf gekend.............................................................................................................................98
verwijst naar buiten-wereld, maar bewijsbaar?...............................................................................98
représentations in cogito..............................................................................................................99
oorzaak ≠ cogito............................................................................................................................99
oorzaak ≠ God...............................................................................................................................99
--> oorzaak = derde substantie.....................................................................................................99
--> buitenwereld bestaat..............................................................................................................99
--> mediaat realisme............................................................................................................................100
Conclusie..................................................................................................................................................101
dat de (buiten)wereld bestaat.............................................................................................................101
dankzij représentations (mediaat realisme)...................................................................................101
dankzij causaliteit............................................................................................................................101
dat de wereld is zoals hij in voorstellingen verschijnt.........................................................................101
dankzij God......................................................................................................................................101
wat de wereld is..................................................................................................................................101
dankzij idée de l’étendu..................................................................................................................101
De brug.....................................................................................................................................................101
Locke (17de-18de eeuw) – empirisme......................................................................................................102
“No innate ideas!”...............................................................................................................................103
empirisme vs. rationalisme.............................................................................................................103
geen aangeboren ideeën.................................................................................................................103
mind = “a white paper, void of all characters”................................................................................103
simple ideas (sensation & reflection) -> complex idea...................................................................103
primary & secondary qualities van substances...............................................................................105
an essay concerning human understanding........................................................................................106
Hume (18de eeuw) – scepticisme............................................................................................................106
enkel impressions................................................................................................................................107
drie problematische intuïties:..............................................................................................................107
mind.................................................................................................................................................107
substance.........................................................................................................................................107
causality (custom & habit)..............................................................................................................109
--> wetenschap in crisis? subject, object, causaliteit..........................................................................110
, A Treatise of Human Nature................................................................................................................110
Causale inferentie................................................................................................................................111
van waargenomen oorzaak naar niet waargenomen gevolg..........................................................111
gegrond in verleden....................................................................................................................111
inductieprobleem........................................................................................................................112
van waargenomen gevolg naar (principieel) niet-waarneembare oorzaak....................................112
Ongegrond..................................................................................................................................112
natuur > rede..............................................................................................................................113
Zekerheid wiskunde.............................................................................................................................114
Context.....................................................................................................................................................116
Aufklärung............................................................................................................................................116
rede-lijkheid.........................................................................................................................................116
theoretische kennis = wetenschap..................................................................................................116
redelijkheid handelen = moraliteit..................................................................................................116
kritisch = noodzakelijke mogelijkheidsvoorwaarden..........................................................................116
Uitgangspunt............................................................................................................................................117
rationalisme vs. empirisme..................................................................................................................117
scepticisme..........................................................................................................................................117
hoe is wetenschap mogelijk?...............................................................................................................117
universele en noodzakelijke ware uitspraken.................................................................................117
classificatie van uitspraken:.................................................................................................................118
synthetisch a posteriori...................................................................................................................118
analytisch a priori............................................................................................................................118
analytisch a posteriori....................................................................................................................119
synthetisch a priori..........................................................................................................................119
==> hoe zijn synthetisch a priori-uitspraken mogelijk?.................................................................119
Descartes, Locke & Hume........................................................................................................................120
Copernicaanse revolutie..........................................................................................................................120
==> actieve rol van het subject in kennisverwerving...............................................................................121
Methode...................................................................................................................................................121
beginstandpunt:...................................................................................................................................121
minimaal standpunt = subject.........................................................................................................121
objectief vs. subjectief.....................................................................................................................122
subject = objectief...........................................................................................................................122
manier waarop de dingen worden gekend (formeel).........................................................................122
a priori mogelijkheidsvoorwaarden................................................................................................122
methode: transcendentaal standpunt.................................................................................................122
doel: komen tot de a priori-voorwaarden van objectieve rationele kennis.......................................122
Transcendentale esthetiek.......................................................................................................................123
aisthèsis, esthetica, waarneming.........................................................................................................123
prikkels -> gewaarwording (Empfindung)...........................................................................................123
gewaarwording + tijd en ruimte = waarneming (Anschauung)...........................................................123
a priori-vormen van de waarneming...................................................................................................124
Ding an sich..........................................................................................................................................124
Transcendentale analytiek.......................................................................................................................126
verstand bewerkt waarneming (Anschauung) tot kenobject..............................................................126
a priori-vormen van het verstand = categorieën.................................................................................126
4 groepen: kwaliteit, kwantiteit, relatie en modaliteit.......................................................................126
“Gedanken ohne Inhalt sind leer, Anschauungen ohne Begriffe sind blind.”.....................................126
“Das Ding an sich ist ein Unbekanntes.”.............................................................................................127
transcendentaal subject (Ich denke) = mijn kenacten........................................................................127
Transcendentale dialectiek......................................................................................................................129
eenheid in veelheid kenobjecten........................................................................................................129
, zuivere rede (Vernunft).......................................................................................................................129
transcendentale ideeën: Ziel, Wereld, God.........................................................................................130
==> metafysica is onmogelijke wetenschap........................................................................................130
==> theoretisch agnosticisme..............................................................................................................131
==> transcendentale schijn..................................................................................................................131
Kritiek van de praktische rede.................................................................................................................131
mogelijkheidsvoorwaarden binnen ethiek..........................................................................................131
uitgangspunt: morele feit, plichtsbesef (categorisch, absoluut).........................................................131
hoe is het morele feit mogelijk?..........................................................................................................132
categorische imperatief:.....................................................................................................................132
vervullen van de plicht -> geluk..........................................................................................................134
hoogste goed = volmaakte realisering zedelijkheid............................................................................134
postulaten van de praktische rede......................................................................................................134
1) onsterfelijkheid van de morele persoon.....................................................................................134
2) bestaan van God.........................................................................................................................134
3) vrijheid.........................................................................................................................................135
Context.....................................................................................................................................................136
uitgangspunt: Franse Revolutie...........................................................................................................136
idee van vrijheid die in de geschiedenis aan het werk is................................................................136
project: het absolute denken..............................................................................................................136
vijand: verstandsdenken, “in seinen Trennungen beharrt”*.............................................................137
Reactie tegen Kant...................................................................................................................................138
Kantiaanse tegenstelling tussen denken en werkelijkheid, tussen transcendentaal subject en Ding an
sich.......................................................................................................................................................138
Doel: opheffen tegenstelling d.m.v. synthese.....................................................................................138
Ding an sich is kenbaar en een product van het denken.....................................................................138
==> er is niets dat niet (principieel) kenbaar is...................................................................................138
Idealisme..................................................................................................................................................139
wereld leent zich tot begrijpen, samenhang is enkel te denken.........................................................139
bestaan is de mogelijkheid om door de rede gedacht te worden......................................................139
==> niets is werkelijk zonder dat het in het denken aanwezig is........................................................140
==> absoluut idealisme........................................................................................................................140
Dialectiek..................................................................................................................................................141
kritiek op het verstandsdenken...........................................................................................................141
miskent eenheid d.m.v. opposities (supra).....................................................................................141
legt permanente beweging stil.......................................................................................................141
nieuwe methode = dialectiek (these + antithese = synthese).............................................................141
“das Wahre ist das Ganze”..................................................................................................................141
Beweging..................................................................................................................................................141
De Geest...................................................................................................................................................142
historisch bewustwordingsproces:......................................................................................................142
denken op zich (these)....................................................................................................................142
natuur (antithese)...........................................................................................................................143
Geest (synthese)..............................................................................................................................143
subjectieve Geest (these)...........................................................................................................143
objectieve Geest (antithese).......................................................................................................143
absolute Geest (synthese)..........................................................................................................143
geschiedenis = geleidelijke ontwikkeling van het denken...................................................................144
Number 11...............................................................................................................................................145
Vervreemding...........................................................................................................................................147
liberté, égalité, fraternité....................................................................................................................147
Zerrissenheit: concrete mens vs. de mens..........................................................................................147
Zur Judenfrage (<-> Bruno Bauer).......................................................................................................148
, Publieke (citoyen) vs. private sfeer (bourgeois).............................................................................148
totale vrijheid vs. gedeeltelijke vrijheid..........................................................................................148
Oorzaak....................................................................................................................................................149
historisch materialisme.......................................................................................................................149
suprastructuur is ideologische weerspiegeling infrastructuur............................................................149
economische onderbouw................................................................................................................149
productiekrachten + productieverhoudingen............................................................................149
ideologische bovenbouw................................................................................................................149
Bewustzijn...................................................................................................................................149
Kritiek op Hegel........................................................................................................................................150
Hegel louter begrippelijk, idealistisch.................................................................................................150
vervreemding is niet verzoenbaar..................................................................................................150
de mens is geen abstracte idee......................................................................................................151
de mens is een arbeider..................................................................................................................151
subjectiviteit mens vs. objectiviteit arbeid.................................................................................151
arbeid vs. privébezit....................................................................................................................151
niet-bezittende arbeiders vs. niet-arbeidende bezitters............................................................151
Arbeid.......................................................................................................................................................152
Mens is een arbeidend wezen.............................................................................................................152
mens is behoeftig wezen, arbeid is zelfrealisatie................................................................................153
°nieuwe behoeften -> arbeidsdeling...................................................................................................153
==> handen- vs. verstandsarbeid....................................................................................................153
==> meesters vs. knechten..............................................................................................................154
Privébezit.............................................................................................................................................154
==> meerwaarde wordt winst.........................................................................................................154
==> uitbuiting..................................................................................................................................154
Vervreemde arbeid..............................................................................................................................155
Vervreemding -> religie als opium van het volk (Ludwig Feuerbach).................................................156
Klassenstrijd.............................................................................................................................................157
historisch proces..................................................................................................................................157
nieuwe, dialectische fase = revolutie..................................................................................................157
collectivisering productiemiddelen.................................................................................................157
klasseloze maatschappij..................................................................................................................157
einde van de geschiedenis..............................................................................................................157
filosofie als maatschappelijke praktijk.................................................................................................158
Einde van de moderniteit?......................................................................................................................... 160
Revolutie, grenzen geloof in wetenschap & onttroning subject......................................................................160
industriële revolutie -> massaproductie ->.............................................................................................160
verpauperd proletariaat...........................................................................................................................160
kennisexplosie (Darwin, Mendel)............................................................................................................160
begin 19e eeuw: positivisme (Comte).....................................................................................................160
theologisch/fictief stadium.................................................................................................................160
metafysisch/abstract stadium............................................................................................................160
wetenschappelijk/positief stadium....................................................................................................160
eind 19e eeuw: † vooruitgangsgeloof.....................................................................................................160
Romantiek...............................................................................................................................................160
‘meesters van het wantrouwen’.............................................................................................................160
Marx....................................................................................................................................................160
Nietzsche.............................................................................................................................................160
Freud...................................................................................................................................................160
(Darwin)..............................................................................................................................................160
°menswetenschappen (model exacte wetenschappen).........................................................................160
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