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NURS 213 Proctored Exam 5 2024/2025 questions and correct answers ( 100% verified correct answers )
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NURS 213 Proctored Exam 5 2024 NURS 213 Proctored Exam 5 2024 NURS 213 Proctored Exam 5 2024 NURS 213 Proctored Exam 5 2024 NURS 213 Proctored Exam 5 2024 Disease process - etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and clinical course Immunosenesce...

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  • September 20, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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NURS 213 Proctored Exam 5 2024

Disease process - etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, clinical
manifestations, diagnosis, and clinical course

Immunosenescence - the weakening of both the innate and adaptive
immune system with increasing age

Multicausality - the combination of internal processes and influences from
the environment that cause cell changes with aging

Physiological reserve - decrease in the ability to repair damage

Senescence - progressive loss of ability to replicate over time

Apoptosis - genetically programmed cell death. Example: ovaries during
menopause

Necrosis - cells die due to stressors

Infarction - consequence of prolonged ischemia. Example: myocardial
infarction

Gangrene - prolonged ischemia, infarction, and necrosis, followed by
exposure to bacteria that thrive on dead tissue

Atrophy - cells revert to a smaller size. Caused by loss of hormonal
stimulation, malnutrition, ischemia, or age

Hypertrophy - increase in cell size

, • Physiological: normal with exercise
• Pathological: increase without increase in supportive structures (e.g.,
high BP leading to higher workload for the LV)

Hyperplasia - increase in the number of cells. Example: pregnancy
stimulates mitotic division of breast gland cells, keloid

Metaplasia - replacement of one type of tissue with another that is not
normally found there. Example: GERD

Dysplasia - deranged cell growth, precancerous. Example: cervical
dysplasia seen in Pap smear

Anaplasia - cancerous

Hypoxic cell injury - most common; caused by ischemia, anemia, low
oxygen environments, pneumonia, suffocation, airway obstruction

Free radical cell injury - oxidative phosphorylation, small amounts of
reactive oxygen molecules are byproducts. Found in cigarette smoke and
toxins, damaging cells' DNA. Counteract with antioxidants (vitamins A, E,
C)

Acute inflammation

• Stage 1: vascular permeability; histamine and bradykinin enable
vasodilation, increasing permeability for fluids, wbcs, and platelets.
Area becomes warm, red (erythema), and swollen.

, • Stage 2: cellular chemotaxis; chemical signals attract more platelets
and wbcs to the site. WBC cytokines modulate response. Margination
occurs as wbcs line up.
• Stage 3: systemic response; symptoms throughout the body, such as
fever, pain, lymphadenopathy, lethargy, etc.

Chronic inflammation - characterized by macrophages, causing tissue
damage. Granuloma forms when macrophages aggregate and transform
into epithelial-like cells leading to tubercle formation.

Acute inflammation - characterized by neutrophils, which are the first to
the site

Skin wound healing (3 processes)

1. Inflammation
2. Proliferation: fibroblast synthesizes collagen, forming granulation
tissue
3. Maturation and remodeling

Exudate - purulent drainage, a protein-rich filtrate containing wbcs,
microbial organisms, and cellular debris

Primary intention - clean laceration that requires simple re-
epithelialization when edges are approximated. Example: surgical
laceration

Secondary intention - a wound with a large gap in tissue. Some tissue
has been gouged out. Example: decubitus ulcer

, Tertiary intention - large gap from missing tissue has been contaminated
and needs a drainage tube while healing; may require a skin graft

Mast cells - release histamine

Histamine - inflammatory mediator released from basophils, platelets, and
mast cells. Causes vasodilation. Symptoms include sneezing, runny nose,
eye tearing in the URT. Antihistamine: Benadryl

5 Cardinal signs of inflammation - heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of
function

Chromosomal aberration - alteration in chromosome structure; breakage

• Polyploidy: more than the diploid number of each chromosome.
Triploid (3 copies) and tetraploid (4 copies) do not survive
• Aneuploidy: does not contain multiples of 23. Trisomy (3 copies of 1
chromosome), monosomy (1 copy of any chromosome)

Autosomal Aneuploidy - Down syndrome (trisomy 21). Not sex-linked.

• 80% have lower IQ
• 40% have heart disease
• Leukemia risk, weak immune system
• Adults are susceptible to early Alzheimer’s disease
• All males are sterile

Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy

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