PSYC 302 Final Exam (Answered) 395
Questions and Correct Answers, 100%
Correct. Updated Fall 2024/2025.
What are Quasi-experimental designs?
are research studies in which participants are selected for different conditions from pre-existing
groups and self-selection into groups
Q designs are studies in which the IV are?
selected from pre-existing values and not created through manipulation by the researcher
How are preexisting groups formed?
by self-selected groups
ex. smokers vs nonsmokers
What is a central issue of quasi-experimental designs?
research validity
What is the basic difference between true and quasi-experimental designs?
random assignment
A quasi-experimental design DOES NOT permit the researcher to control what?
the assignment of participants to conditions or groups
How are Quasi-experimental designs characterized?
lower levels of control over the WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, and HOW of the study
What is a nonequivalent control groups design?
a research design that has both experimental and control groups but the participants are NOT
randomly assigned to these groups
- most common type of Q design
What is the problem with nonequivalent control group designs?
the problem is knowing how to compare the results between groups when they are not equivalent
to begin with
- interpretability depends on whether the pattern of results obtained can be accounted for by
possible differences between the groups or by something else in the study
-- ceiling effects
-- floor effects
What is a ceiling effect?
,is the level at which an independent variable no longer has an effect on a dependent variable, or the
level above which variance in an independent variable is no longer measured or estimated
- example: 2 profs teaching the same class, students in one class constantly was in the 98% on exams
> while the other class started at 20% then moved up to 98%. One would not be able to deem the
first prof as better because their teaching methods may have had nothing to do with the student's
high grades (could be that they're just smart and would get those high grades no matter who the
prof was)
What is a floor effect?
(aka, Basement Effect) is when measurements of the dependent variable result in very low scores on
the measurement scale.
How can we further enhance or improve the interpret-ability of nonequivalent control group
designs?
1. matching [limitation: only controls for KNOWN factors]
2. identifying and building extraneous variables into the design or study as moderator variables
3. pretesting—empirically documenting the degree of nonequivalence
4. if nonequivalent, as per pretest data, then can use a number of statistical control procedures (as
previously discussed) to covary out or control for preexisting differences
What are the examples of nonequivalent control group designs?
delayed control group designs: design in which the testing of one group is deferred
- i.e., the two groups are tested sequentially with an appreciable time interval between them]
- ex. testing impact of a natural disaster or London bombings (2005)
mixed factorial designs: design in which there is one between-subjects variable and one within-
subjects variable
- at least one factor has to be naturally occurring or not RA (between-subjects variable =
preexisting/naturally occurring)
What are the designs without control groups?
Interrupted Time-Series Designs: these designs allow the same group to be compared over time by
considering the trend of the data before and after the treatment
- graph of uninsured rate diving in 2013 pg. 5
Multiple Time-Series Design: A variation of interrupted time-series design, which is really NOT a
design without a control group.
- used as a control for interrupted time-series {control and experimental group are included to rule
out HISTORY as a rival hypothesis}
- example: life satisfaction and marriage
Repeated Treatment Design: this research design allows the same group to be compared by
measuring the participants' responses before and after repeated treatments
- ex. administering blood pressure meds, line on graph should go up and down in a zig-zag
Can we make causal inferences based on quasi-experimental designs?
,no, because of absence of RA
- groups are nonequivalent which means there will always be 2 explanations for differences:
1. treatment
2. nonequivalency
Which design is the best answer for which design can be experimental and nonexperimental
studies?
observational
What makes a Q design?
at least one IV is pre-existing
What is archival publication?
written record of scientific progress
What is invisible college?
informal communication network of people having common scientific interests
What is discourse community?
a group of people who share common goals, a public forum, common knowledge, and a specialized
language
What is an argument?
a set of reasons in support of a proposition
What is a thesis?
the proposition that is supported by an argument
What is a secondary citation?
documentation of an idea from one work that is reported in another one
What is digital object identifiers (DOI)?
a unique alphanumeric code that identifies and provides a persistent link to information on the
internet
What is gray literature?
a scientific literature that falls outside the peer review process
Do you number every page and where does it go?
Yes, top right
How many characters can the running head be and what should it look like?
cannot exceed 50 characters
- looks like = Running head: TITLE OF PAPER
- only goes on 1st page
- all other pages look like = TITLE OF PAPER
, The title outside of the header may be up to, how many word?
10-12
- put your name under
- under name put institution where research was conducted
Notes about over all paper
- 1 inch margins all the way around
- times new roman
- 12 point font
- double space, no space between paragraphs
Notes about abstract
- do not bold, but center the word Abstract
- do not indent
- type in a single paragraph
Notes about introduction
- separate page from abstract
- center title of paper, not bolded
Notes about method
- center the word Method and bold
- spell numbers that begin sentences
- use italics for scale anchors
- bold subsequent titles Materials [Participants, Materials and Designs, Procedures]
Notes about results
- center the word Results and bold
- past tense
Notes about discussion
- center the word Discussion and bold
Notes about References
- start on new page
- center the word References, do not bold
- capitalize main words of journal title; italicize title of journal or book
- italicize volume numbers of journal (do not give the issue number unless the journal begins every
issues with page 1)
- capitalize first word following a colon
- put space between initials {A. F.}
- for an article in an edited book, the editors' initials precede their last names
- every reference is cited in text and vise versa
- use ampersand in references (&)
- more than 7 authors requires ellipses
- one table per page
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