Straight line Anatomy & Physiology II Final Exam-Questions with
Correct Answers/ Verified/ Latest Update (2024/2025)
Reproductive system - ✔✔sexual reproduction in humans; requires production of two types
of gametes (sex cells); perpetuates species and passes genetic material to next generation;
anatomy of this system is the greatest difference between sexes; has latent development
(activates by hormonal control at puberty)
Male reproductive system gametes - ✔✔produce spermatozoa and transfer them to female
through sexual intercourse or copulation
Female reproductive system gametes - ✔✔produce ova; receives sperm; provides site for
fertilization, implantation, gestation, parturition; nourishes baby through mammary glands
(lactation)
Primary sex organs - GONADS - ✔✔produce gametes; produce and secrete sex hormones;
testes in males; ovaries in females
Secondary sex hormones (males) - ✔✔structures in caring for and transporting sperm; ducts
to transport sperm include: epididymides, ductus deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra;
accessory glands include: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands;
copulation organ which is the penis; scrotum (pouch of skin that encloses testes);
gubernaculum (strong fibrous cord that mechanically guides the migration of the testes to
exit the pelvic cavity and enter the scrotum)
Secondary sex hormones (female) - ✔✔essential for fertilization of ovum, implantation of
blastocyst, development of embryo and fetus, and parturition; Vagina (receives penis and
semen; baby passes through during delivery); Uterine/fallopian tubes (egg transported
through here after ovulation on way to uterus; sites of fertilization); Uterus/womb
(implantation and gestation here; muscular walls are active in parturition); mammary gland
(secrete milk after parturition); corpus ludium (scar left in ovary after the ovum has been
ejected from the ovary; becomes an endocrine gland, signaling to the body that pregnancy
could occur)
Secondary sex characteristics - ✔✔not essential for reproduction; generally considered
sexually attractant features; body physique, pattern of body hair, pitch of voice in males,
development of breasts in females; NOTE: large breasts are not essential for nursing young -
,all female mammals have mammary glands, but only human females have protruding
breasts that may function as a sexual attractant
Testes (organs and functions: males) - ✔✔seminiferous tubules: produce spermatozoa
interstitial cells: produce and secrete male sex hormones
Epididymides (organs and functions: males) - ✔✔storage and maturation of spermatozoa;
convey spermatozoa to ductus deferentia; length 3.8cm (1.5 inches)
Ductus Deferentia (organs and functions: males) - ✔✔stores spermatozoa; convey
spermatozoa to ejaculatory ducts
Ejaculatory ducts (organs and functions: males) - ✔✔receive spermatozoa and additives to
produce seminal fluid
Seminal vesicles (organs and functions: males) - ✔✔secrete alkaline fluid containing
nutrients and prostaglandins
Prostate gland (organs and functions: males) - ✔✔secretes alkaline fluid that helps
neutralize acidic fluid and enhances motility of spermatozoa
Bulbourethral glands (organs and functions: males) - ✔✔secrete fluid that lubricates urethra
and end of penis
Scrotum (organs and functions: males) - ✔✔encloses and protects testes
Penis (organs and functions: males) - ✔✔conveys urine and seminal fluid; organ of
copulation
Ovaries (organs and functions: females) - ✔✔produce ova and females sex hormones
, Uterine tubes (organs and functions: females) - ✔✔convey ovum toward uterus; site of
fertilization; convey developing pre-embryo to uterus
Uterus (organs and functions: females) - ✔✔site of implantation; protects and sustains life
of embryo and fetus during pregnancy; active role in parturition
Vagina (organs and functions: females) - ✔✔conveys uterine secretions to outside of body;
receives erect penis and semen during copulation and ejaculation; passage for fetus during
parturition
Labia majora (organs and functions: females) - ✔✔enclose and protect other external
reproductive organs
Labia minora (organs and functions: females) - ✔✔forms margins of vestibule; protect
openings of vagina and urethra
Clitoris (organs and function: females) - ✔✔glans of clitoris is richly supplied with sensory
nerve endings
Vestibule (organs and functions: females) - ✔✔cleft between labia minora that includes
vaginal and urethral openings
Vestibular glands (organs and functions: females) - ✔✔secrete fluid that moistens and
lubricates vestibule and vaginal opening during intercourse
Mammary glands (organs and functions: females) - ✔✔produce and secrete milk for
nourishment of infant
Head (structure of spermatozoa) - ✔✔oval-shaped; contains nucleus with 23 chromosomes
Body (structure of spermatozoa) - ✔✔cylindrical, contains numerous mitochondria spiraled
around a filamentous core; mitochondria provide energy for locomotion
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