Final Exam Review - Pathophysiology
NURS 3320
Gate open - correct answer pain stimulus transmitted
The RAS is composed of - correct answer several neuronal circuits connecting the brainstem to
the cerebral cortex
Steps of open gate pain stimulation - correct answer 1. painful stimulus travels through a
nociceptor to the spinal cord
2. Substance P is released at the synapse
3. Pain stimulus to the brain
4. RAS alert
5. Pain perceived
Steps of closed gate pain stimulation - correct answer 1. a painful stimulus through nociceptor
that's connected to an afferent pain fiber
2. the interneuron is activated by efferent impulses from the brain or afferent impulses from
the touch stimulus
3. the interneuron is released and attaches to the synapse
4. Opiate receptors are blocked by the interneuron
5. Substance P is not released a from the synapse
6. The gate is closed & transmission is blocked on the afferent tract
what the the 3 ways gates can close? - correct answer 1. sensory stimuli move along
competing pathways
2. brain produces outgoing transmissions through reticular system (distractions)
3. brain releases Opiate-like chemicals
1st line of defense - correct answer skin and mucous membranes, saliva, tears
Non-specific: Mechanical barrier
What is the role of phagocytosis in the 2nd line of defense? - correct answer Neutrophils &
macrophages engulf & destroy bacteria, cell debris, foreign matter
Describe the process of inflammation in the 2nd line of defense. - correct answer It is a
sequence of events that limits the effect of injury or harmful invaders
,Final Exam Review - Pathophysiology
NURS 3320
How do interferons contribute to the 2nd line of defense? - correct answer They are
nonspecific agents that protect uninfected cells against viruses
2nd line of defense - correct answer Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Interferons
3rd line of defense - correct answer Specific defense
Production of specific antibodies or cell-mediated immunity to specific substance
Example:
Sensitized t-lymphocytes
Production of antibodies
What is the first step of inflammation? - correct answer Injury occurs
What happens when cells release chemical mediators during inflammation? - correct answer
Vasodilation occurs leading to increased blood flow
What is the result of capillary permeability increasing during inflammation? - correct answer
Water, electrolytes, & protein leave the capillaries & enter the ISF
What happens when leukocytes move to the site of injury during inflammation? - correct
answer Phagocytosis occurs: macrophages engulf debris
length of an acute inflammation - correct answer Self-limiting (usually 8-10 days from onset to
healing)
length of a chronic inflammation - correct answer Persists for weeks to months
local manifestations of acute inflammation - correct answer Swelling, Pain, Heat, Redness, Loss
of Function
systemic manifestations of acute inflammation - correct answer Primarily 3 changes: Fever,
Leukocytosis, Increased level of circulating plasma proteins
Resolution - correct answer minimal damage- the damaged cells recover and the tissue returns
to normal within a short period of time
Ex- mild sunburn
Replacement - correct answer extensive tissue damage or cell's can't be replaced. Can result in
loss of function
,Final Exam Review - Pathophysiology
NURS 3320
Regeneration - correct answer damaged tissue is replaced by cells that are functional- replaced
by identical tissue
types of healing - correct answer resolution, regeneration, replacement
What is the first step in the process of healing? - correct answer Blood clot forms, seals area
What happens within 3-4 days during the healing process? - correct answer Phagocytes
remove foreign material and cell debris
What is granulation tissue composed of during healing? - correct answer Fibroblasts & vascular
endothelial cells (very vascular, moist, pink, & fragile)
What occurs during the growth of granulation tissue? - correct answer New blood vessels grow
(angiogenesis)
What is the final step in the process of healing? - correct answer Scar forms
Chlamydia - correct answer Common cause of sexually transmitted infection
Do not grow on artificial media
Some similarities with both bacteria and viruses
Lack some basic components
Can result in infertility
which body of chlamydia is infectious? - correct answer Elementary body
reticulate body of chlamydia - correct answer noninfectious, but hijacks host cell to reproduce
microbes
Rickettsiae - correct answer Gram-negative
Transmitted by insect vectors (lice, ticks)
Mycoplasmas - correct answer Lack cell wall
Cause of atypical type pneumonia
Eukaryotic organisms (contain nucleus)
Found throughout environment
On animals, plants, humans, food - correct answer fungi
what comes from single-celled yeast or multicellular mold? - correct answer Fungal or mycotic
infection
, Final Exam Review - Pathophysiology
NURS 3320
Histoplasmosis can cause - correct answer neurologic disease and can be transmitted to
embryo/fetus if woman infected
Tinea pedis - correct answer athlete's foot
Causative agent of thrush and vaginitis - correct answer candida
Pneumocytosis carinii - correct answer Opportunistic organism causing pneumonia
Has some characteristics of fungi and some of protozoa
Example of protozoal diseases - correct answer Trichomonas
Plasmodium: Malaria
Amebas: Amebic dysentery
protozoa - correct answer Eukaryotic forms
Unicellular, lack cell wall
Many live independently, others are obligate parasites
Pathogens are usually parasites.
Helminths (Flat or Round Worms) - correct answer Parasites not microorganisms
Enter body through skin or by ingestion depending on species
Infections more commonly found in young children
Infection can be life threatening in immune suppressed patient.
What parasite is transmitted by ingesting undercooked pork? - correct answer Tapeworm
How are pinworms commonly transmitted to children worldwide? - correct answer Ova
inhaled in dust in fecally contaminated areas
- correct answer
How is Ascaris/Giant Round Worm typically ingested? - correct answer With food grown in
feces-contaminated soil or prepared with hands in feces-contaminated soil
Prions - correct answer Proteinlike agents that change the shape of proteins within host cells
Transmitted by contaminated tissues
Ingestion of meat
Infected blood or donor organs
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