ADVANCED PATHO-ALTERED
CELLULAR FUNCTION AND
CANCER(STUDY GUIDE) QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
AtrophyV-
VANSWERVE:VcellsVshrinkVP:VmechanismVnotVcompletelyVunderstood,VbutVbelievedVtoVbeVanVimbalanceVbet
weenVproteinVsynthesisVandVdegradation.VEssentiallyVthereVisVanVincreaseVinVtheVcatabolismVofVintracellula
rVorganelles,VreducingVstructuralVcomponentsVofVcellVEx:VdecreaseVinVmuscleVsizeVfromVinactivity
HypertrophyV-
VANSWERVE:VcellsVincreaseVinVsizeVP:VCausedVbyVhormonalVstimulationVorVincreasedVfunctionalVdemand,Vw
hichVincreasedVtheVcellularVproteinVinVtheVplasmaVmembrane,VendoplasmicVreticulum,Vmyofilaments,Vand
VmitochondriaV(notVcellularVfluid)VEx:VLVventricularVhypertrophy
HyperplasiaV-
VANSWERVE:VcellsVincreaseVinVnumber,VmitosisVmustVoccurVsizeVofVcellVdoesVnotVchangeVP:VincreasedVrateVo
fVdivision,VincreaseVinVtissueVmassVafterVdamageVorVpartialVresectionVEx:VremoveVpartVofVliver,VliverVregene
rates
DysplasiaV-
VANSWERVE:VcellsVabnormalVchangesVinVshape,Vsize,VorganizationVP:VcausedVbyVcellVinjury/irritation,Vcharac
terizedVbyVdisorderedVcellVgrowth.VakaVatypicalVhyperplasiaVorVpre-
cancerVEx:papVsmearsVoftenVshowVdysplasticVcellsVofVtheVcervixVthatVmustVundergoVlaser/surgicalVtx
MetaplasiaV-
VANSWERVE:VreversibleVchange,VoneVtypeVofVcellVchangesVtoVanotherVtypeVforVsurvivalVP:VresultsVfromVexp
osureVofVtheVcellsVtoVchronicVstressors,Vinjury,VorVirritationVEx:VColumnarVcellsVchangeVtoVsquamousVcellsVi
nVlungsVofVsmoker
AtrophyV-VANSWERVPhysiologic:VshrinkingVofVthymusVduringVchildhoodPathologic:V-
paralyzedVperson,VskeletalVmuscleVatrophy-
occursVasVresultVofVdecreaseVinVworkload,Vpressure,Vuse,VbloodVsupply,Vnutrition,VhormonalVstimulation,Vo
rVnervousVstimulation
, HypertrophyV-
VANSWERVPhysiologic:skeletalVmuscleVhypertrophyVforVpersonsVdoingVheavyVwork/weightVlifting.VoneVkidn
eyVremoved,VtheVotherVkidneyVincreasesVinVsizeVtoVaccommodateVforVworkloadPathologic:CardiomegalyVr
esultsVfromVHTNVorVheartVvalveVproblems
HyperplasiaV-
VANSWERVPhysiologic:VremovalVofVpartVofVtheVliverVleadVtoVhyperplasiaVofVhepatocytes.VuterineVorVmamm
aryVglandVenlargementVduringVpregnancyVPathologic:abnormalVproliferationVofVnormalVcellsVusuallyVcause
dVbyVincreasedVhormonalVstimulation.VincreaseVofVproductionVofVlocalVgrowthVfactors
DysplasiaV-
VANSWERVPhysiologic:IsVnotVaVtrueVadaptiveVprocessVPathologic:DysplasticVcellsVofVcervixVfoundVonVPapVs
mear.
MetaplasiaV-VANSWERVPhysiologic:VBarrettVEsophagus-
VnormalVsquamousVcellsVchangeVtoVcolumnarVepithelialVcellsVinVresponseVtoVreflux,VakaVintestinalVmetapla
siaVPathologic:VSmokers-
VnormalVciliatedVepithelialVcellsVofVtheVbronchialVliningsVareVreplacedVbyVstratifiedVsquamousVepithelialVcel
ls.VCancerVcanVariseVfromVthisVarea,VstimulusVinducesVaVreprogrammingVofVstemVcellsVunderVtheVinfluenceV
ofVcytokinesVandVgrowthVfactors
HypoxicVInjuryV-
VANSWERVEtiology:decreasedVO2,lossVofVHgbVorVHgbVfunction,VdecreasedVRBCVproduction,VdiseaseVofVhea
rt/lungs,VischemiaVClinicalVManifestations:VischemiaVwhichVprogressesVtoVhypoxia.VIntracellularVenzymesVa
sVfollows:VCK-mostVmuscleVcells,VincludingVheart,LDH-
VmuscleVcells,VliverVcells,VheartVcells,VRBCs,Vbrain,AST-VliverVcells,ALT-VliverVcellsVTroponin-
VcardiacVcellsVPatho:VlackVofVO2VcausesVdecreaseVinVmitochondrialVfunction,VcausingVdecreaseVATPVproduct
ionVandVincreasesVanaerobicVmetabolismV(generatingVATPVfromVglycogen),VeventuallyVanaerobicVmetaboli
smVwillVstopVandVtheVcellVwillVdie.VReductionVofVATPVimpairsVNa/KVpump,VleadsVtoVincreasedVNa/CaVinVcell,
VKVisVdiffusedVoutVofVcell,VwaterVdiffusesVintoVcellVcausingVswelling,VribosomalVdilationVandVmalfunctionVoc
cur.VRibosomesVproducesVproteinVandVwhenVitVmalfunctionsVcausesVdecreaseVinVproteinVsynthesis.VDeathV
willVoccurVifVinjuryVisVnotVstopped.
FreeVRadicalVandVReactiveVOxygenVSpeciesV(ROS)V-VANSWERVEtiology:FreeVRadical-
VhaveVunpairedVelectronVinVitsVouterVshell,VmakingVmoleculeVunstableVandVhighlyVreactive.VakaVbeingVoxidi
zedVROS-byproductVofVATPVproductionVinVtheVmitochondriaVClinicalVManif:VFR-
VtoVstabilizeVself,VitVwillVstealVanVelectronVfromVanotherVmoleculeVorVgiveVupVanVelectron.VTheVfreeVradicalV
willVoftenVstealVanVelectronVfromVanotherVmolecule,VmakingVthatVmoleculeVaVfreeVradicalVROS-
VcanVoverwhelmVmitochondriaVandVexhaustVintracellularVantioxidants,VcausingVcellVinjury/diseaseVPatho:V
