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AQA GCSE
GEOGRAPHY Provided by The
Coleshill School
REVISION GUIDE
For the grade 9-1 GCSE examinations
, Contents
Paper 1 Physical: Living with the Physical Environment
The Challenge of Natural Hazards
Tectonic Hazards (Volcanoes & Earthquakes) ....................................................... 1-6
Weather Hazards (Tropical Storms and UK Extreme Weather) .................................. 7-12
Climate Change .................................................................................... 13-16
The Living World
Ecosystems ........................................................................................ 17-19
Tropical Rainforests .............................................................................. 20-24
Hot Deserts ....................................................................................... 25-29
Physical Landscapes of the UK
Coasts .............................................................................................. 30-37
Rivers .............................................................................................. 38-45
Paper 2 Physical: Challenges of the Human Environment
Urban Issues & Challenges
Urbanisation ........................................................................................... 46
NEE City Case Study (Rio de Janeiro) ........................................................... 47-49
UK City Case Study (Birmingham) ................................................................ 50-54
Sustainable Cities ................................................................................. 55-56
The Changing Economic World
Development ....................................................................................... 57-61
Economic Development in a NEE Country (Brazil) ............................................... 62-65
Economic Development in the UK ................................................................ 66-72
The Challenge of Resource Management
Distribution of Food, Water & Energy in the UK ............................................... 72-75
Energy.............................................................................................. 76-80
1
, Paper 1 Section A NATURAL HAZARDS
What is a natural hazards? What are the main types of hazard?
Meteorological
1) An event becomes a hazard when it Geological Hazards
Hazards
affects people
Geological Hazards Meteorological
2) A natural hazard is a natural process
are caused by land Hazards are caused by
which could death, injury or disruption
and tectonic weather and climate.
to humans, or destroy property and
processes. Examples Examples are tropical
possessions.
include volcanoes, storms and flooding
3) A natural disaster is an event that has
earthquakes and caused by extreme
actually happened.
landslides weather.
Hazard Risk is the probability that a natural hazard
What affects a countries ability to cope?
occurs. There are 3 main factors affecting risk:
Vulnerability Capacity to Cope
1) The more people that are in areas 1) Natural Hazards have to affect human
exposed to natural hazards, the activities to count as a hazard. The
greater the probability they will be better a population can cope with an
affected by a natural hazard. So extreme event, to lower the threat
hazard risk is higher 2) EG: HICs are better able to cope with
2) EG: People living at the base of a earthquakes as they can build
volcano in Naples, Italy are vulnerable earthquake proof buildings and repair
to eruptions the damage afterwards.
Nature of Natural Hazards
1) Type – the hazard risk from some hazards is greater than others (eg tropical storms can
be predicted but earthquakes can’t.
2) Frequency – Some natural disasters occur more often than others (eg flooding)
3) Magnitude – More severe natural hazards cause greater effects than less severe events.
Eg a magnitude 5 earthquake compared to a magnitude 8
Tectonic Plates
The Earth’s surface is 1) The inner core is solid and outer liquid
separated into Tectonic 2) Around the core is the mantle - semi molten rock moving slowly
Plates 3) The outer layer is the crust and the crust is divided into slabs
called tectonic plates. These plates can either be continental
or oceanic plates. Where they meet is called a plate
boundary/margin.
4) The plates move due to convection currents in the mantle.
2
, How do the plates move?
What are convection currents?
1) Heat rising and falling inside the mantle creates
convection currents generated by radioactive decay in
the core.
2) The convection currents move the plates.
3) Where convection currents diverge near the Earth's
crust, plates move apart. Where convection currents
converge, plates move towards each other.
The 4 main Plate Boundaries
Destructive Plate Boundary
1) Destructive Plate margins are where two plates
are moving toward each other
2) When a heavier oceanic plate meets a continental
plate it is forced down (subducted) into the mantel
and melted (DESTROYED). This rising heat from
the melting plate causes volcanoes. The ‘scraping’
of the plate as it is subducted is what causes
earthquakes
Conservative Plate Boundary
1) Conservative Plate margins are where two plates
are sideways past each other
2) As the plates move past each other they can cause
friction, and as this friction builds and released,
earthquakes occur
Constructive Plate Boundary
1) Constructive Plate margins are where two plates
move away from each other
2) Magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap and
cools, CONSTRUCTNG new crust.
Collision Plate Boundary
1) Collision Plate margins are where two plates move toward
each other.
2) As both are continental crusts, one cannot be forced down,
so both are pushed upwards forming ‘fold’ mountains
3) An example is the Himalayas and earthquakes happen here.
(eg our Nepal case study)
3
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