Exam (elaborations)
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2
- Course
- Institution
- Book
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2
[Show more]
Connected book
Book Title:
Author(s):
- Edition:
- ISBN:
- Edition:
More summaries for
-
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2
-
Test Bank for Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Essentials for Clinical Practice 2nd Edition Tkacs
-
Test Bank Advanced Physiology And Pathophysiology: Essentials For Clinical Practice, 2nd Edition Nancy C. Tkacs,Linda L. Herrmann All Chapters 1-17 With Questions And Answers Complete A+ Guide
Seller
Follow
maxmaxwellmm254
Content preview
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 NEWEST 2024ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?
a. To provide specific responses toward antigens b. To lyse cell membranes of
microorganisms c. To prevent infection of the injured tissue d. To create immunity
against subsequent tissue injury - ANSWER: C. If the epithelial barrier is damaged,
then a highly efficient local and systemic response (inflammation) is mobilized to
limit the extent of damage, to protect against infection, and to initiate the repair of
damaged tissue. The response to a specific offending agent is the function of the
adaptive immune response. Lysosomes lyse cell membranes. Immunity against a
subsequent tissue injury occurs through the action of B cells and T cells.
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process? a.
Vasodilation of blood vessels b. Increased capillary permeability c. Endothelial cell
expansion d. Emigration of neutrophils - ANSWER: B. The increased flow and
capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma from the vessels, causing swelling
(edema) in the surrounding tissue and is solely responsible for inflammation-induced
edema. Vasodilation (increased size of the blood vessels) causes slower blood
velocity and increases blood flow to the injured site. Endothelial cell contraction (not
expansion) leads to increased capillary permeability. Emigration of neutrophils to the
area of infection/injury leads to increased destruction of the offending agent.
What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site? a.
Complement b. Coagulation c. Kinin d. Fibrinolysis - ANSWER: B. The coagulation
(clotting) system is a group of plasma proteins that form a fibrinous meshwork at an
injured or inflamed site. This protein system (1) prevents the spread of infection to
adjacent tissues, (2) traps microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of
inflammation for removal by infiltrating cells (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages), (3)
forms a clot that stops the bleeding, and (4) provides a framework for future repair
and healing.
Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for
destruction by neutrophils and macrophages? a. Complement cascade b.
Coagulation system c. Kinin system d. Immune system - ANSWER: A. C3b (a
component of the complement cascade) adheres to the surface of a pathogenic
microorganism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are molecules that tag
microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system, primarily
neutrophils and macrophages.
What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells? a. Platelet
adhesion b. Initiation of the clotting cascade c. Vasodilation d. Increased endothelial
,adhesiveness - ANSWER: C. Histamine, when released from mast cells, causes
vasodilation.
What is an outcome of the complement cascade? a. Activation of the clotting
cascade b. Prevention of the spread of infection to adjacent tissues c. Inactivation of
chemical mediators such as histamine d. Lysis of bacterial cell membranes -
ANSWER: D. The complement cascade can be activated by at least three different
means, and its products have four functions: (1) anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in
mast cell degranulation, (2) leukocyte chemotaxis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis.
What is the function of opsonization related to the complement cascade? a. To tag
pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages b. To
process pathogenic microorganisms so that activated lymphocytes can be created
for acquired immunity c. To destroy glycoprotein cell membranes of pathogenic
microorganisms d. To promote anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell
degranulation - ANSWER: A. Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for
destruction by cells of the inflammatory system (opsonization), primarily neutrophils
and macrophages.
What is happening during opsonization? - ANSWER: During opsonization opsonin
binds to a pathogen, then phagocytes are attracted, and the pathogen is opsonized
(destroyed). It is bound with the antibody IgG.
How does the chemotactic factor affect the inflammatory process? a. By causing
vasodilation around the inflamed area b. By stimulating smooth muscle contraction
in the inflamed area c. By directing leukocytes to the inflamed area d. By producing
edema around the inflamed area - ANSWER: C. Two chemotactic factors, neutrophil
chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A),
are released during mast cell degranulation. NCF attracts neutrophils (a type of
leukocytes), and ECF-A attracts eosinophils to the site of inflammation.
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which
problem? a. Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues. b. Complement
and chemotaxis are deficient. c. Underlying chronic illness(es) exists. d. Number of
mast cells is insufficient. - ANSWER: C. In some cases, impaired healing is not directly
associated with aging, in general, but can instead be linked to a chronic illness such
as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus.
What is the correct sequence in phagocytosis? a. Engulfment, recognition, fusion,
destruction b. Fusion, engulfment, recognition, destruction c. Recognition,
engulfment, fusion, destruction d. Engulfment, fusion, recognition, destruction -
ANSWER: C. Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the only correct
sequence of phagocytosis involves the following steps: (1) opsonization, or
recognition, of the target and adherence of the phagocyte to it; (2) engulfment, or
ingestion or endocytosis, and the formation of phagosome; (3) fusion with lysosomal
granules within the phagocyte (phagolysosome); and (4) destruction of the target.
, When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are
related to elevations of which leukocyte? a. Monocytes b. Eosinophils c. Neutrophils
d. Basophils - ANSWER: C. Only neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the
early inflammatory site, arriving within 6 to 12 hours after the initial injury, they
ingest (phagocytose) bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris at the inflammatory
site.
In the later stages of an inflammatory response, which phagocytic cell is
predominant? a. Neutrophils b. Monocytes c. Chemokines d. Eosinophils - ANSWER:
B. Only monocytes and macrophages perform many of the same functions as
neutrophils but for a longer time and in a later stage of the inflammatory response.
In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is
to release what? a. Arylsulfatase B, which stimulates the formation of B lymphocytes
b. Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation c.
Lysosomal enzymes, which activate mast cell degranulation during acute
inflammation d. Immunoglobulin E, which defends the body against parasites -
ANSWER: B. Eosinophil lysosomes contain several enzymes that degrade vasoactive
molecules, thereby controlling the vascular effects of inflammation. These enzymes
include histaminase, which mediates the degradation of histamine, and arylsulfatase
B, which mediates the degradation of some of the lipid-derived mediators produced
by mast cells.
What is a role of a natural killer (NK) cells? a. Initiation of the complement cascade b.
Elimination of malignant cells c. Binding tightly to antigens d. Proliferation after
immunization with antigen - ANSWER: B. The main function of NK cells is to
recognize and eliminate cells infected with viruses, although they are also somewhat
effective at eliminating other abnormal host cells, specifically cancer cells. The
complement system is activated in one of three ways (classical, lectin, and
alternative), none of which involve NK cells. Antibodies bind tightly to antigens.
Immunization leads to the proliferation of antibodies.
Which cell is the body's primary defense against parasite invasion? a. Eosinophil b.
Neutrophils c. T lymphocytes d. B lymphocytes - ANSWER: A. Eosinophils serve as the
body's primary defense against parasites. T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes are
involved in acquired immunity. Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the
early inflammatory site
Which manifestation of inflammation is systemic? a. Formation of exudates b. Fever
and leukocytosis c. Redness and heat d. Pain and edema - ANSWER: B. The only three
primary systemic changes associated with the acute inflammatory response are
fever, leukocytosis (a transient increase in circulating leukocytes), and increased
levels in circulating plasma proteins. Exudate, redness, heat, pain, and edema are
local signs.
What occurs during the process of repair after tissue damage? a. Nonfunctioning
scar tissue replaces destroyed tissue. b. Regeneration occurs; the original tissue is
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller maxmaxwellmm254. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $17.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
73314 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now