Test Bank for Evolution, Making Sense Of Life 2nd Edition by Carl Zimmer, Prof. Douglas Emlen.
Test Bank for Evolution, Making Sense Of Life 2nd Edition by Carl Zimmer, Prof. Douglas Emlen.
Test Bank for Evolution, Making Sense Of Life 2nd Edition by Carl Zimmer, Prof. Douglas Emlen.
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Test Bank for Evolution, Making Sense Of Life, 2nd Edition by Carl
Zimmer, Prof. Douglas Emlen - (All Chapters) Updated Version
Chapter 1: The Virus and The Whale: How Scientists Study Evolution
1. Which of the following is NOT an example of evolution?
(a) Beak size in a population of birds becomes larger from one generation to the next because
larger beaked birds had higher reproductive success and passed the trait to their offspring
(b) Over long periods of time whales gradually lost their hindlimbs
(c) When traveling to high altitude, human physiology changes to accommodate lower
oxygen levels
(d) All of the above are examples of evolution
2. The fluke of a whale and the fluke of a shark:
(a) are homologous traits
(b) arose through convergent evolution
(c) are the result of natural selection
(d) b and c are correct
(e) all are correct
3. Mammary glands in whales and humans:
(a) are a synapomorphy for these species and other mammals
(b) are homologous traits
(c) were likely present in the most recent common ancestor of humans and whales
(d) all are correct
(e) none are correct
4. Based on current fossil evidence:
(a) whales were likely fully aquatic before they evolved peg-like teeth or baleen
(b) evolution of baleen forced whales to become fully aquatic
(c) the teeth of extinct whales such as Dorudon were similar to those of extinct land mammals
(d) a and c are correct
(e) b and c are correct
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5. One important feature that links extinct organisms such as Pakicetus and Indohyus to
cetaceans is:
(a) the shape of a bone in the middle ear
(b) the presence of forelimb flippers
(c) the lack of hindlegs
(d) peg-like teeth
6. The placement of whales within the artiodactyls is supported by:
(a) morphology of limb bones (e.g. the astragalus) in extinct whales
(b) DNA evidence
(c) the fact that some artiodactyls (e.g. hippos) spend a significant amount of time in the water
(d) a and b are correct
(e) all of the above
7. From examining the fossil record, scientists have postulated that long-term historic changes in
cetacean diversity depended on:
(a) changes in the abundance of diatoms, one of their main food sources
(b) changes in the abundance of diatoms, which serve as food for animals that were preyed
upon by cetaceans
(c) changes in sea temperature
(d) rising pollution levels in the ocean
(e) changes in the abundance of organisms that prey on cetaceans
8. Which of the following would explain why viruses such as influenza evolve so rapidly:
(a) they have a high mutation rate
(b) they have a high replication rate
(c) they can undergo viral reassortment
(d) none of the above
(e) all of the above
9. Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the evolution of drug resistance in a
virus:
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(a) the drug causes mutations in the virus that make it resistant
(b) even before the drug is administered, some virions might be resistant
(c) an individual virion that is exposed to the drug will adapt by becoming resistant; future
applications of the drug will be ineffective against this virion
(d) all of the above
10. The molecular clock used to date the emergence of the 2009 H1N1 strain would be
inaccurate if:
(a) mutations arose at different rates in different lineages
(b) the most recent common ancestor of the viral strains existed long ago
(c) the most recent common ancestor of the viral strains existed recently
(d) none of the above
11. New mutations:
(a) are random with respect to their effects on fitness
(b) are necessary for natural selection to cause evolutionary change
(c) are rare in a population
(d) a and b are correct
(e) all are correct
12. Evolution occurs when:
(a) individuals in a population change in response to the environment
(b) the average value of trait in a population changes from one generation to the next
(c) a and b are both correct
(d) Neither a or b is correct
Short Answer/ Essay.
1. Please describe evidence three pieces of evidence found in extant cetaceans that supports the
idea that their ancestors had hindlimbs.
Answer :
1. During embryonic development hindlimb buds form, but are then stop growing.
2. Some extant whales have a vestigial pelvis, which only makes sense if their ancestors had
hindlimbs.
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3. DNA evidence shows that cetaceans are nested within the artiodactyls. The common ancestor
of artiodactyls would have had hindlimbs.
2. Describe how scientists used carbon isotopes to determine whether extinct whales likely
inhabited freshwater or saltwater.
Answer : Although most oxygen atoms have eight neutrons, some oxygen isotopes have more
(e.g. 10). Seawater has more oxygen atoms with 10 neutrons (heavy) than freshwater, and
animals that live in the sea incorporate more heavy oxygen into their bones than animals that live
on land. Thus, by measuring the ratio of light to heavy oxygen in the bones of fossil whales, and
comparing this to ratios found in extant organisms inhabiting freshwater or seawater
environments, scientists were able to determine whether extinct whales likely lived in the sea or
the land.
3. Describe two examples from extant cetacean anatomy or development that reflect their
ancestral past.
Answer :
1. Vestigial pelvis in some species.
2. Hindlimb buds form during embryonic development.
3. Baleen whales have genes for building teeth that have been disabled by mutation.
4. The influenza virus has only 10 genes, which is far fewer than other non-viral organisms. Why
do you think viruses are able to survive and replicate with so few genes compared to other
organisms?
Answer : Viruses are parasitic, relying on much of the replication machinery of their host to
reproduce. Given this, their genetic code is much smaller and contains fewer genes than other
organisms.
5. When scientists infected vaccinated and non-vaccinated mice with influenza, they found that
after nine sequences of viral passage the hemagglutinin protein was altered in one of the groups.
Which group was it, and what is the evolutionary explanation for the differences between the
groups?
Answer : The protein was altered in the vaccinated mice. Mice that were vaccinated against
influenza produced antibodies that recognized the hemagglutinin protein and enabled a swift
immune response against infection. Under these circumstances, a virion that had a mutation
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