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Met d...
SAMENVATTING MENS EN
SAMENLEVING
1ste bachelor handelswetenschappen
Academiejaar 2022 – 2023
Sen Fonteyn
,1 INHOUD
2 Les 1: Motivatie (psychologie) ........................................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Definitie ................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.3 enkele theorieën omtrent motivatie doorheen de tijd ......................................................................... 6
2.3.1 The Principles of scientific management – frederick winslow taylor .......................................... 6
2.3.2 X-Y Theorie – Douglas McGregor (1960) ...................................................................................... 7
2.3.3 Behoeftetheorieën ........................................................................................................................ 8
2.3.4 Procestheorie – hoe werken motivatiemechanismen? .............................................................. 13
2.3.5 Zelfdeterminatietheorie van Deci en Ryan ................................................................................. 14
3 Les 2: Emoties (psychologie) ......................................................................................................................... 16
3.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Emoties – moods – affect .................................................................................................................... 18
3.3 Cruciale eigenschappen van emoties.................................................................................................. 18
3.3.1 Wat zijn emoties? ....................................................................................................................... 19
3.3.2 Gevoelde emoties vs. getoonde emoties ................................................................................... 20
3.4 Typologie van emoties ......................................................................................................................... 20
3.4.1 Circumplexe model van emoties................................................................................................. 21
3.5 Emotionele intelligentie (EI) – Daniel Goleman (1995)....................................................................... 21
3.5.1 Street level bureaucrats en EI ..................................................................................................... 22
3.6 Emotionele beïnvloeding of emotionele besmetting .......................................................................... 23
3.7 Emotional labor of emotionele arbeid ................................................................................................ 23
3.8 Emoties neerschrijven of labeling ....................................................................................................... 24
3.9 Emoties en ondernemerschap: ‘if you’re happy , don’t always show it’ – een Onderzoek warnick & co
25
4 Les 3: Perceptie, attributie en rationeel denken (psychologie) .................................................................... 26
4.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................... 26
4.2 Perceptie.............................................................................................................................................. 27
4.2.1 Percepties kunnen verschillen .................................................................................................... 28
4.3 Hoe wordt gepercipieerde informatie verwerkt?............................................................................... 30
4.4 Attributie ............................................................................................................................................. 31
4.4.1 Causale attributies ...................................................................................................................... 31
4.5 Selffulfilling prophecy .......................................................................................................................... 33
4.6 Rationeel denken – nemen mensen rationele beslissingen?.............................................................. 33
5 Les 4: Persoonlijkheid (psychologie) ............................................................................................................. 35
5.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................... 35
5.2 Persoonlijkheidstrekken (‘traits’) ........................................................................................................ 35
1
, 5.3 BIG 5 – een meetschaal om persoonlijkheid te meten ....................................................................... 36
5.3.1 (1) Extraversie vs. introvertie ...................................................................................................... 36
5.3.2 (2) Vriendelijkheid vs. onvriendelijkheid .................................................................................... 36
5.3.3 (3) Emotionele stabiliteit vs. emotionele onstabiliteit................................................................ 37
5.3.4 (4) Consciëntieusheid vs. Chaotisch ............................................................................................ 37
5.3.5 (5) Openheid voor ervaringen vs. geslotenheid.......................................................................... 37
5.4 Voorbeelden in de context van arbeidsmarktbeleid ........................................................................... 38
5.4.1 Voorbeeld 1 – welzijn van werklozen ........................................................................................ 38
5.4.2 Voorbeeld 2 – persoonlijkheid en muzieksmaak ....................................................................... 39
5.4.3 Voorbeeld 3 – succes en emotionele stabiliteit ......................................................................... 39
5.5 Meten van persoonlijkheid .................................................................................................................. 40
5.6 Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling of verandering ..................................................................................... 40
6 Les 5: Mentaal welzijn en gezondheid (psychologie) .................................................................................... 41
6.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................... 41
6.1.1 Trend in arbeidswereld 2022 ...................................................................................................... 41
6.2 Bevindingen uit onderzoek over Arbeids- en gezondheidspsychologie en hrm .................................. 42
6.3 Mentale gezondheid op het werk in de brede zin te bestuderen ....................................................... 42
6.3.1 Mutual gains of conflicting outcomes? ....................................................................................... 42
6.4 Veranderingen in organisaties op verschillende gebieden .................................................................. 43
6.4.1 verandering in organisaties met betrekking tot welzijn en gezondheid .................................... 43
6.4.2 Verandering op het vlak van de inhoud van werk ..................................................................... 44
6.4.3 Het psychologisch contract komt onder druk te staan – Schaufeli ........................................... 44
6.5 stress.................................................................................................................................................... 44
6.5.1 Traumatische stressoren............................................................................................................. 45
6.5.2 Stress op het werk ...................................................................................................................... 46
6.6 Burnout ................................................................................................................................................ 46
6.7 Work engagement of bevlogenheid .................................................................................................... 47
6.8 Bore out ............................................................................................................................................... 48
6.9 Waarom bureaucratie ons ongelukkig maakt – een getuigenis van Ugent@work ............................. 48
6.10 Positieve psychologie .......................................................................................................................... 49
6.11 Recente trends binnen organisaties .................................................................................................... 49
6.12 Voorbeeldexamenvraag ...................................................................................................................... 49
7 Les 6: Cultuur (sociologie) ............................................................................................................................. 50
7.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................... 50
7.2 Sociologie en cultuur – Cultuur als sociologisch concept .................................................................... 50
7.2.1 Normen, verwachtingen, waarden en doelen ............................................................................ 50
7.3 Cultuurverschillen tussen regio’s en landen ........................................................................................ 51
2
, 7.3.1 Landen en regio’s met elkaar vergelijken op vlak van cultuur – Geert hofstede ....................... 52
7.4 Cultuur binnen organisaties: Concept van organisatiecultuur ........................................................... 55
7.4.1 Organisatiecultuur ...................................................................................................................... 56
7.4.2 quinn ........................................................................................................................................... 56
7.5 Culturele verschillen in leiderschapsstijlen ......................................................................................... 57
7.5.1 Erin Meyer................................................................................................................................... 57
7.6 Emotional Culture ................................................................................................................................ 57
7.6.1 Negatieve emoties/ angstcultuur/psych veiligheid .................................................................... 58
7.7 Speak up! ............................................................................................................................................. 58
8 Les 7: Leren en werk (sociologie) .................................................................................................................. 59
8.1 Uitdagingen ......................................................................................................................................... 59
8.1.1 Uitdaging 1: Jobs verdwijnen… ................................................................................................... 59
8.1.2 Uitdaging 2: Oudere werknemers op de arbeidsmarkt .............................................................. 59
8.1.3 Uitdaging 3: Mismatch tussen vraag en aanbod arbeidsmarkt .................................................. 60
8.2 Levenslang leren in vlaanderen ........................................................................................................... 61
8.3 Waarom geen opleiding?..................................................................................................................... 62
8.3.1 Mattheuseffect ........................................................................................................................... 63
8.3.2 De impact van opleiding ............................................................................................................. 63
8.3.3 Lifelong learning (oecd) .............................................................................................................. 64
8.4 Duurzame inzetbaarheid ..................................................................................................................... 64
8.4.1 (1) Vitaliteit ................................................................................................................................. 64
8.4.2 (2) Werkvermogen ...................................................................................................................... 64
8.4.3 (3) Employability ......................................................................................................................... 65
8.5 Leren in vuca tijden – fons leroy .......................................................................................................... 66
8.5.1 VUCA-‘drivers’ ............................................................................................................................. 66
8.5.2 Impact op de arbeidsmarkt ......................................................................................................... 67
8.5.3 Skills offensief ............................................................................................................................. 67
8.6 Aangepaste beleidskaders: OESO Skills Strategie Vlaanderen ............................................................ 68
9 Les 8: Sociale ongelijkheid (sociologie) ......................................................................................................... 69
9.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................... 69
9.2 Sociale ongelijkheid: Verschillen ......................................................................................................... 69
9.3 sociale ongelijkheid: impact ................................................................................................................ 70
9.3.1 Wilkinson: de impact van inkomensongelijkheid ....................................................................... 70
9.4 Sociale ongelijkheid – de verschillende soorten ................................................................................. 71
9.4.1 Sociale stratificatie ...................................................................................................................... 71
9.5 Sociale klassen ..................................................................................................................................... 72
9.6 Beroepen en hiërarchie ....................................................................................................................... 72
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