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Biology Major Field Test 100% solved
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Biology Major Field Test
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Biology Major Field TestAdaptive vs. Innate Immune Response - Answer -Adaptive -
"specific response"
Has immunological memory
Later response (3-7 days)
Uses B and T cells
Effectiveness increases with exposure
Innate-
"nonspecific response"
1st line of defense
Response within 12 hours
Lacks immunological memory
Mutualism - Answer -Benefit to both partners
Normally partners cannot live seperately
Cooperation - Answer -A beneficial but not obligate form of symbiosis
Commensalism - Answer -One partner benefits, the other is neither helped or harmed
Ammensalism - Answer -The negative impact of one organism on another due to
release of specific compounds
If a pathogen can be transmitted via direct contact it is ______ virulent compare to
another pathogen that is vector-borne. - Answer -Less virulent
Toxin - Answer -Specific substance that alters the normal metabolism of the host cell
Autotrophs - Answer -Carbon source from atmospheric CO2
Heterotrophs - Answer -Carbon source from organic compounds
Phototrophs - Answer -Energy source is light
Chemotrophs - Answer -Energy source is from oxidation of chemical compounds
,Lithotrophs - Answer -Electron source from reduction of inorganic substances
Organotrophs - Answer -Electron source from organic compounds
Passive diffusion - Answer -Movement of small molecules across a cellular membrane
to go from high concentration to low with the potential graduation - no energy required
Facilitated diffusion - Answer -Use of a carrier protein to assist the transportation of
molecules across the cellular membrane
Pure culture - Answer -Assumption that all the cells grown on the plate have arose from
one single ancestor cell
Defined Media - Answer -Media in which all components of the mix are known
Complex Media - Answer -Media in which all components are not known
Selective Media - Answer -Media favors growth of specific microorganisms
Differentiated Media - Answer -Media can will visually distinguish between groups of
bacteria based on biological characterisitics
Binary Fission - Answer -Reproductive strategy of most haploid bacteria/archaeal cells
to create identical cells
1) cell elongates
2) replicates their chromosome
3)divides down middle with one chromosome in each new half
Bacterial Growth Stage 1: Lag Phase - Answer -Time after the new introduction of
bacteria on a new medium with no growth
Bacterial Growth Stage 2: Exponential Phase - Answer -Microbes are now growing at a
constant rate at maximum dividing rates
Bacterial Growth Stage 3: Stationary Phase - Answer -Population growth ceases and
the growth curve levels off
Bacterial Growth Stage 4: Death Phase - Answer -Decrease in viable microorganisms
due to depletion of sources (media, oxygen, food)
Acidophiles - Answer -Microorganisms whose optimum growth is between a pH of 0.0-
5.5
Fungi & Algae
, Neutrophiles - Answer -Microorganisms whose optimum growth is between a pH of 5.5 -
8.0
Most bacteria
Alkalophiles - Answer -Microorganisms whose optimum growth is between 8.5-11.5
Buffers - Answer -Prevent drastic pH changes
Normally a phosphate
Psychophiles - Answer -Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at low temperatures
(0-20C)
Mesophiles - Answer -Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at temperatures
between 15-45C
Thermophiles - Answer -Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at temperatures
between 45-80C
Hyperthermophiles - Answer -Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at
temperatures between 80-113C
Aerobes - Answer -Organisms that are capable of living in the presence of O2
Anaerobes - Answer -Organisms that are capable of living in the absence of O2
Obligate Aerobes - Answer -Organisms that can only grow in the presence of O2
Obligate Anaerobes - Answer -Organisms that can only grow in the absence of O2
Facultative Anaerobes - Answer -Organisms that do not require the presence of O2 to
grow but grow best in its presence
Aero-tolerant - Answer -Organisms that are indifferent to the levels of O2
Biofilms - Answer -Communities of microorganisms that cling together to a surface to
provide community protection against drugs and antibiotics
Quorum Sensing - Answer -Method of density-dependent bacterial cell communication
Fungi Characteristics - Answer -Spore-bearing
Eukaryotic
Lack chlorophyll
Reproduce a/sexually
Primarily terrestrial - yeasts, molds, mushrooms
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