IGCSE Cambridge Biology 0610 OL Chapter 4 Biological Molecules + RELATED PAPER 6 notes
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IGCSE Biology
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Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology 4th Edition
Class notes for IGCSE Biology OL (0610) CIE board, new () syllabus. Chapter four: Biological molecules, plus related PAPER 6 tips, tricks, and explanation. Written by a former IGCSE student who achieved a high 9 (195/200) in biology OL and A* in biology A level. The notes cover important details, g...
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Biological Molecules
Biological molecules video
Organic molecules :- any molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen bonds.
The four Biomolecules :- >> Lipids >> Carbohydrates
>> Proteins >> Nucleic acids
► Examples of Anabolic Reactions
*All cells need water, oxygen,
1) Protein synthesis mineral ions, and food
2) Polymerisation : the process of producing a polymer, which is a molecule made of small substances
repetitive units called monomers. *All cells are made of water,
3) Condensation reaction : which involves joining monomers by removal of water. mineral ions, vitamins, carbs,
fat, and protein.
► Examples of Catabolic Reactions
1) Hydrolysis : breaking down large molecules into smaller subunits by adding water.
Features
> Large molecule
> Insoluble in water
> Used for 1. synthesis of cell membrane
2. act as an insulator to prevent heat loss
3. formation of myelin sheath
4. source of energy
5. synthesis of SOME hormones ( ex:- oestrogen and testosterone )
Testing [Emulsion]
Step #1 Crush and grind (if needed)
Step #2 Add ethanol then add drops of the solution to cold water
Step #3 If fat present ---> white emulsion/milky/cloudy
If fat not present ---> solution stays clear Emulsion test
○ Proteins [Polypeptides]
Formation
>> Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and SOMETIMES sulfur.
>> It's monomer is amino acids.
Features
>> The type of protein is determined by the sequence and type of amino acids.
>> They have specific shapes to carry out certain functions.
>> Examples:- haemoglobin, insulin, antibodies, carrier proteins, mucus,
neurotransmitters, enzymes such as lipase/ amylase/ protease, some hormones such as
adrenaline and ADH, keratin, muscle fibres, growth in cell division.
>> Soluble in water.
Testing [Biuret test]
Step #1 Crush and grind (if needed)
Step #2 Add to cold water to make solution
Step #3 Add Biuret reagent if present --> change from blue to purple
If not present --> colour stays blue Biuret test
Step #4 Make control experiment
○ Carbohydrates
Formation
New Section 1 Page 1
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