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NU 318 Unit 1 Guide With Complete Solution
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NU 318 Unit 1 Guide WithComplete Solution
Genetics - ANSWER the study of heredity and the variation of inherited
characteristics.
Genomics - ANSWER The study of the function of all the nucleotide sequence
present within the entire genome of a species. Including genes in DNA
coding regions and non-coding regions.
Sex cells - ANSWER These are the only cells in our body that do not contain
the entire human genome, they contain half.
Gene - ANSWER sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus
determines a trait
DNA - ANSWER deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in
nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the
carrier of genetic information.
Chromosomes - ANSWER threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that
contain the genes
gene expression - ANSWER The activation of a gene allowing its product to
be made by the cell.
Hydrogen bonds - ANSWER Weak connections between nucleic acids (bases)
in DNA
adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine - ANSWER The four bases in DNA that
,are nitrogen containing compounds and are made up of amino acids
Pyrimidines - ANSWER cytosine and thymine (single ring)
Purines - ANSWER Adenine and Guanine (2 rings)
Mitosis - ANSWER cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei
containing the same number of chromosomes
G0 - ANSWER a resting stage of the cell cycle in which DNA replication and
cell division stop and normal cell functioning occurs
G1 - ANSWER Cell takes on nutrients, generates more energy, increases
membrane size and cytoplasm.
S phase - ANSWER The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of
interphase during which DNA is replicated.
G2 - ANSWER Final preparation phase. Cell checks for DNA errors and begins
to form centrosomes. (Prepares for Mitosis) Also, production of proteins
important for cell division
M phase - ANSWER The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis,
nucleokinesis and cytokinesis resulting in two equal daughter cells.
DNA helicase - ANSWER An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix
during DNA replication
DNA ligase - ANSWER A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication;
catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5'
end of a growing chain.
DNA polymerase - ANSWER Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins
individual nucleotides to strand produce a DNA molecule, proofreads and
, edits base pairs
DNA topoisomerase - ANSWER an enzyme that alleviates DNA supercoiling
during DNA replication, before the fork
Primase - ANSWER An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the
primer, initiates new protein synthesis
SSB proteins - ANSWER Helps keep the two single strands separated long
enough for initiation of DNA replication.
Ploidy - ANSWER number of sets of chromosomes in a cell at mitosis,
humans have 46 chromosomes combined in 23 pairs.
haploid chromosome number - ANSWER A complete set of one of each
chromosome (1N) representing 23 individual chromosomes.
diploid chromosome number - ANSWER When the nucleus contains both
pairs of all chromosomes (2N)
Polyploidy - ANSWER condition in which an organism has extra sets of
chromosomes (3N or 4N)
Telomeres - ANSWER DNA at the tips of chromosomes that keeps it from
unraveling.
Karyotype - ANSWER A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged
by size and shape during metaphaseof mitosis.
metacentric - ANSWER centromere is in the middle
submetacentric - ANSWER centromere slightly off center
acrocentric - ANSWER Describes a chromosome whose centromere is placed
very close to, but not at, one end,with little to no P arm.
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