100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
Summary General Chemistry Spark notes on lkali Metals (IA), CHALCOGENS (VIA), Halogens (Group VIIA), Noble Gases (Group VIIIA), Transition Metals and Color Perception $9.64
Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. General chemistry

Summary

Summary General Chemistry Spark notes on lkali Metals (IA), CHALCOGENS (VIA), Halogens (Group VIIA), Noble Gases (Group VIIIA), Transition Metals and Color Perception
 0 purchase
  • Course
  • General chemistry
  • Institution

Are you looking to master the essentials of General Chemistry? Our document study guide offers simple, concise notes on key topics that will enhance your understanding and retention. Why Choose Our Study Guide? Focused Content: Dive into the fascinating world of Alkali Metals (IA), Chalcogens...

[Show more]

Preview 2 out of 5  pages

Document information

  • September 22, 2024
  • 5
  • 2024/2025
  • Summary

Subjects

Written for

  • Unknown
  • General chemistry

Seller

avatar-seller
byebye

Content preview

General Chemistry: Electronegativity and Ionization

The Chemistry of Groups

Alkali Metals (IA)
The alkali metals, found in Group IA or Group 1 of the periodic table, exhibit several distinctive physical and
chemical properties. These metals are characterized by their low densities compared to other metals. Each alkali
metal has a single loosely bound electron in its outermost shell, which significantly influences their chemical
behavior. The effective nuclear charge (Z_eff) for these elements is very low, resulting in the largest atomic radii
within their respective periods.

This low Z_eff also accounts for several important trends among alkali metals:

Ionization Energies: They have low ionization energies, making it easy for them to lose their outermost
electron.
Electron Affinities: Their electron affinities are also low, indicating a weak tendency to gain electrons.
Electronegativity: Alkali metals possess low electronegativities, meaning they do not attract electrons strongly.

Due to these properties, alkali metals readily form univalent cations by losing one electron. They react vigorously
with nonmetals, particularly halogens, leading to the formation of ionic compounds such as sodium chloride
(NaCl). Additionally, when exposed to water, alkali metals react violently to produce strong bases and hydrogen gas.

ALKALINE EARTH METALS (IA)
-Group IIA or Group 2 elements.
-Characteristic properties of metals.
-Slightly higher effective nuclear charges than alkali metals.
-Smaller atomic radii compared to alkali metals.
-Two valence electrons, easily removed to form divalent cations.
-Known as active metals due to high reactivity; not found in elemental state.

CHALCOGENS (VIA)
-Group VIA or Group 16 elements.
-Composed of nonmetals and metalloids.
-Less reactive than halogens but essential for biological functions.
-Six valence electrons in their outer shell.
-Small atomic radii and large ionic radii due to proximity to metalloids.


Halogens (Group VIIA)

High Reactivity: Halogens exhibit uniform chemical reactivity, primarily due to their high electron negativities
and electron affinities.
Elemental State: They are not found in nature as free elements; instead, they exist as ions (halides) or diatomic
molecules (e.g., Cl2, F2).

, Fluorine’s Electronegativity: Fluorine is the most electronegative element, making it particularly reactive with
alkali and alkaline earth metals.

Noble Gases (Group VIIIA)

Inertness: Noble gases are characterized by minimal chemical reactivity owing to their filled valence shells.
Ionization Energies: They possess high ionization energies and show little to no tendency to gain or lose
electrons. For helium (He), neon (Ne), and argon (Ar), electronegativities are negligible.
Physical Properties: These gases have extremely low boiling points and remain gaseous at room temperature.
Commercial Use: Their lack of reactivity makes noble gases suitable for applications such as lighting sources.

Oxygen and Its Importance

Oxygen is a crucial element, being a primary component of water, carbohydrates, and various biological
molecules.
It plays a vital role in sustaining life and is essential for respiration in aerobic organisms.

Sulfur is significant for the structure of certain amino acids and vitamins, contributing to protein synthesis and
metabolic functions. Selenium serves as an important nutrient for microorganisms and aids in protecting cells from
oxidative stress, highlighting its role in maintaining cellular health. Many elements within this group are metallic and
can be toxic to living organisms at high concentrations, despite their biological usefulness.

Halogens (Group VIIA) Characteristics

Halogens are highly reactive nonmetals with seven valence electrons, seeking to complete their octets by
gaining an additional electron.
Their physical states vary under standard conditions: gaseous (Fluorine and Chlorine), liquid (Bromine), and
solid (Iodine).

Conclusion on Elemental Toxicity

It is critical to recognize that while many elements have beneficial roles in biology, they can become toxic or
damaging at elevated concentrations.

Points of Transition Metals

1. General Characteristics:

Transition metals are located in Groups IB to VIIIB (Groups 3 to 12) of the periodic table.
They are classified as metals with distinct physical and chemical properties.

2. Electron Properties:

Low electron affinities, low ionization energies, and low electronegativities characterize these elements.
The presence of loosely held electrons contributes to their metallic properties.

3. Physical Properties:

Transition metals are known for their hardness and high melting and boiling points.
They exhibit malleability, allowing them to be shaped without breaking.

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller byebye. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $9.64. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

64302 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now

Start selling

Recently viewed by you

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

Solution Manual: Financial and Managerial Accounting for Decision Makers, 4th Edition by Hanlon - Chapters 1-24, 9781618533616 | Rationals Included

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition 12th Edition by Rolfes, Pinna and Whitney - All Chapter 1-29 | TEST BANK

Exam (elaborations) ·

(1)

Chapter 15: Trauma, Mobile, and Surgical Radiography Lampignano: Bontrager’s Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy, 9th Edition

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

Test Bank for Ebersole and Hess Gerontological Nursing and Healthy Aging 5th Edition Touhy / All Chapters 1-28 / Full Complete Solution |Grade A+.

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

FP 511 EXAM AND PRACTICE EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK 500 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+

Summary ·

(0)

Take Control of Your Academic Journey with [Cost Management A Strategic Emphasis,Blocher,8e] Solutions Manual: Conquer Challenges and Achieve Greatness!

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

Test Bank for Behavioral Neuroscience, 9th Editio by Marc Breedlove, Neil Watson Chapter 16 Psychopathology Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders

Exam (elaborations) ·

(1)

PN HESI EXIT V1 & V2 LATEST 2022-2023 EXAM/ HESI PN V1 & V2 LATEST EXAM 221 REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | VERIFIED ANSWERS AGRADE

Summary ·

(1)

Samenvatting Mondzorgkunde Parodontologie (MZK-PAROD) HAN Bachelor 1/ Propedeuse Collegejaar 2021-2022: Thema 5: Van gingivitis naar parodontitis
$9.64
  • (0)
Add to cart
Added