The Calvin Cycle 3 Steps 1. Carbon Fixation 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration
Carbon Fixation Turns 3 times, Involves the incorporation of CO2 molecules into RuBP using the enzyme RUBSICO, this produces 2 3-phosphoglycerate molecules
Reduction Reduction and phosphorylation of 3-Phosphoglycerate to G3P...
ECU Biology 1100 Final Exam Questions
and Answers
The Calvin Cycle 3 Steps ✅1. Carbon Fixation 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration
Carbon Fixation ✅Turns 3 times, Involves the incorporation of CO2 molecules into
RuBP using the enzyme RUBSICO, this produces 2 3-phosphoglycerate molecules
Reduction ✅Reduction and phosphorylation of 3-Phosphoglycerate to G3P, 6 ATP and
6 NADPH produce 6 G3P molecules *ONLY 1 G3P molecule
Regeneration ✅Using the 5 remaining G3P to regenerate the CO2 and RuBP (uses 3
more ATP)
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place? ✅Stroma
C3 Plants (Normal Plants) ✅Forms a 3 carbon compound in the carbon fixation stage,
Photorespiration occurs: Rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2.. which produces a two
carbon compound, Photorespiration decreases photosynthetic output by consuming
ATP, O2, and organic fuel
Photorespiration ✅Rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2, which limits the damage the
excess light reactions that would build up without the Calvin Cycle
C4 Plants ✅incorporates CO2 as a 4 carbon compound, where CO2 is released and
O2 stays inside the plant
CAM Plants ✅Open the stomata at night incorporating CO2 into organic acids and
releases the other molecules O2, and close it during the day where the actual carbon
cycle occurs using the CO2.
CAM vs C4 Plants ✅Both carbon fixations occur in two separate cells, the only
difference is that CAM Plants go through this process at different times of the day
Cell Division (General) ✅The ability of an organism to produce more of their cells, this
distinguishes between nonliving and living organisms
Chromatin ✅DNA + Histone Protein
Somatic Cell ✅Non-reproductive cells, have two sets of chromosomes (46) diploid
Gametes ✅Reproductive cells, Have one set of chromosomes (23) haploid
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