GU-Peds Practice Test Questions and
Correct Answers
Total body water ✅-Involves ICF (fluid within the cells)
-Involves ECF (fluid outside the cells)
ECF ✅Intravascular
Interstitial
Transcellular
Sodium is the chief solute in ECG and the primary determinant of ECG volume
Water Balance ✅-under normal conditions the amount of water ingested closely
approximates the amount of urine excreted in a 24-hour period
-Water if food and from oxidation closely approximates the amount lost in feces and
through evaporation
Mechanism of Fluid Movement ✅-hydrostatic pressure
-osmotic pressure
-diffusion
-active transport
-vesicular transport
Increased water requirements ✅-fever, tachypnea, radiant warmer, bili lights
-vomiting and diarrhea, DI, acidosis
-shock, burns, post-op bowel surgery
Decreased requirements ✅-Heart failure
-Increased ICP
-Renal Failure
Internal Control Mechanisms Influencing Fluid Balance ✅-thirst (thirst isn't well
developed in infants)
-antidiuretic hormone (concentrates urine)
-aldosterone (helps with sodium reabsorption)
-renin-angiotensin system (stimulates the release of aldosterone)
Water Balance in Infants ✅-greater fluid intake and output relative to size
-disturbances occur more frequently and rapidly
-body surface area (larger quantities of fluid lost through the skin
-metabolic rate (greater production of metabolic wastes
-kidney function (immature and inefficient in excreting waste)
Daily Maintenance Fluid Requirements ✅-calculate child's weight in kg
, *Allow 100 ml/kg for first 10 kg body weight*
*Allow 50ml/kg for second 10 kg body weight*
*Allow 20 ml/kg for remaining body weight*
(weigh before giving fluids)
Dehydration ✅-occurs when total output of fluid exceeds the total input regardless of
underlying cause
Isotonic dehydration ✅-electrolyte and water deficits occur in balanced proportions
-shock
Hypertonic ✅-water loss in excess of electrolyte loss
-children given high concentration of formula through an NG tube can lead to neurologic
disturbances
Hypotonic ✅-electrolyte deficit exceeds the water deficit
-too much water
Clinical Manifestations of Isotonic Dehydration ✅Color: Gray
Temp: Cold
Turgor: Poor
Feel: Dry
Mucous membrane: Dry
Tearing and Salivation: Absent
Eyeball: Sunken
Fontanel: Sunken
Body Temp: Subnormal or elevated
Pulse: Rapid
Respiration: Rapid
Behavior: Irritable to lethargic
Clinical Manifestation of Hypotonic Dehydration ✅Color: Gray
Temp: Cold
Turgor: Very Poor
Feel: Clammy
Mucous membrane: Slightly moist
Tearing and Salivation: Absent
Eyeball: Sunken
Fontanel: Sunken
Body Temp: Subnormal or elevated
Pulse: Very Rapid
Respiration: Rapid
Behavior: Lethargic or comatose; convulsions
Clinical Manifestation of Hypertonic Dehydration ✅Color: Gray
Correct Answers
Total body water ✅-Involves ICF (fluid within the cells)
-Involves ECF (fluid outside the cells)
ECF ✅Intravascular
Interstitial
Transcellular
Sodium is the chief solute in ECG and the primary determinant of ECG volume
Water Balance ✅-under normal conditions the amount of water ingested closely
approximates the amount of urine excreted in a 24-hour period
-Water if food and from oxidation closely approximates the amount lost in feces and
through evaporation
Mechanism of Fluid Movement ✅-hydrostatic pressure
-osmotic pressure
-diffusion
-active transport
-vesicular transport
Increased water requirements ✅-fever, tachypnea, radiant warmer, bili lights
-vomiting and diarrhea, DI, acidosis
-shock, burns, post-op bowel surgery
Decreased requirements ✅-Heart failure
-Increased ICP
-Renal Failure
Internal Control Mechanisms Influencing Fluid Balance ✅-thirst (thirst isn't well
developed in infants)
-antidiuretic hormone (concentrates urine)
-aldosterone (helps with sodium reabsorption)
-renin-angiotensin system (stimulates the release of aldosterone)
Water Balance in Infants ✅-greater fluid intake and output relative to size
-disturbances occur more frequently and rapidly
-body surface area (larger quantities of fluid lost through the skin
-metabolic rate (greater production of metabolic wastes
-kidney function (immature and inefficient in excreting waste)
Daily Maintenance Fluid Requirements ✅-calculate child's weight in kg
, *Allow 100 ml/kg for first 10 kg body weight*
*Allow 50ml/kg for second 10 kg body weight*
*Allow 20 ml/kg for remaining body weight*
(weigh before giving fluids)
Dehydration ✅-occurs when total output of fluid exceeds the total input regardless of
underlying cause
Isotonic dehydration ✅-electrolyte and water deficits occur in balanced proportions
-shock
Hypertonic ✅-water loss in excess of electrolyte loss
-children given high concentration of formula through an NG tube can lead to neurologic
disturbances
Hypotonic ✅-electrolyte deficit exceeds the water deficit
-too much water
Clinical Manifestations of Isotonic Dehydration ✅Color: Gray
Temp: Cold
Turgor: Poor
Feel: Dry
Mucous membrane: Dry
Tearing and Salivation: Absent
Eyeball: Sunken
Fontanel: Sunken
Body Temp: Subnormal or elevated
Pulse: Rapid
Respiration: Rapid
Behavior: Irritable to lethargic
Clinical Manifestation of Hypotonic Dehydration ✅Color: Gray
Temp: Cold
Turgor: Very Poor
Feel: Clammy
Mucous membrane: Slightly moist
Tearing and Salivation: Absent
Eyeball: Sunken
Fontanel: Sunken
Body Temp: Subnormal or elevated
Pulse: Very Rapid
Respiration: Rapid
Behavior: Lethargic or comatose; convulsions
Clinical Manifestation of Hypertonic Dehydration ✅Color: Gray
