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NURB 3050 Exam 3 Study Guide @ 2024
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NURB 3050 Exam 3 Study Guide@ 2024
functional unit of the kidneys - Answer nephron
major functions of the kidneys - Answer Regulate extracellular fluid
Excrete wastes
Secrete renin
Produce Erythropoietin
Activate Vitamin D
Regulate acid-base balance
Prostaglandin Synthesis
FEARS:
-F:luid
-E:lectrolytes, erythropoietin
-A:cid base regulation
-R:rids toxic waste
-S:ecretes renin
Bowmans capsule - Answer is where the process of the nephron function that filters the
solutes of the blood due to a pressure gradient(counter-current system for filtration)
that exists between the blood in the capillaries and fluid
-collects glomerular filtrate
loop of henle - Answer the section of the nephron tubule that conserves water and
minimizes volume of urine, concentrates the urine.
-electrolyte filtration
-concentrated urine is produced by a counter current exchange system in which fluid
flows in opposite directions through the parallel tubes of the loop of Henle; a
concentration gradient allows fluid to be exchanged across pathways
distal convoluted tubule - Answer is located between the loop of henle and collecting
, duct
-selective reabsorption and secretion occurs here, mos notably to regulate
reabsorption of water and sodium in exchange for secreting H+ and K+ (regulated by
aldosterone)
what is the patho of kidney stones? what can be the outcome of any renal obstruction -
Answer -calculi or urinary stones, are masses of crystals, protein, or other substances
that are a common cause of urinary tract obstruction
-can be located in the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder
-formation is related to supersaturation of one or more salts in urine, precipitation of the
salts from a liquid to solid state, growth through crystallization or aggregation, and the
presence or absense of stone inhibitors.
-calcium stones account for 70% of all stones requiring treatment
-urine concentration of substrare turns alkalinic, there is Ca carbonate or uric acid in
urine
nidus - Answer kidney stone nucleus that grows in renal tubule or renal pelvis
what can be the outcome of any renal obstruction - Answer -overactive or non active
bladder functioning, lead to urinary tract infections
what are some types of kidney stones? - Answer -calcium stones: 70% of all stones
requiring treatment
-struvite stones primarily contain magnesium ammonium phosphate as well as varying
levels of matrix that forms in an alkaline urine
-uric acid stones occur in persons who excrete excessive uric acid in the urine such as
those with gouty arthritis
renal colic - Answer moderate or severe pain originating in the flank and radiating down
to the groin usually indicates obstruction of renal pevis
how does anesthesia cause urinary retention - Answer it blocks nerves and pain signals
and is usually given with fluid which results in a combination of a full bladder without
nerve function to empty
glomerulonephritis - Answer -loss of negative charge in capillary membrane and
increased permeability of filter slits causing the swelling and inflammation of glomerulus
-can be immunologic or hereditary
-immune injury is a major cause such as circulating antigen-antibody immune
complexes into the glomerulus and reactions to antibodies in situ against planted
antigens.
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