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ATI MEDSURG URINARY TRACT DISORDERS LATEST EXAM TEST BANK
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ATI MEDSURG URINARY TRACT DISORDERS LATEST EXAM TESTBANK
the outer layer of the kidney is called the - ANSWER: renal cortex
the inner layer of the kidney is called the - ANSWER: renal medulla
The functional units of the kidney are called - ANSWER: nephrons
Each nephron contains a network of tiny blood vessels called the __________ which
does what? - ANSWER: glomerulus, which filters blood and removes waste products
and excess water from the bloodstream.
The filtered fluid then passes through the _________ __________ where what
happens? - ANSWER: nephron's tubules, where water, glucose, amino acids, and
other useful substances are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, while excess
water, waste products, and other substances are excreted as urine.
Nephron has three functions - ANSWER: - filtration in the glomerulus
- reabsorption along the rest of the tubule
- secretion at the end of the tubule (collecting ducts)
SNS has effects of the nephrons processes... what will these neurotransmitters
trigger and how will that affect urine output? - ANSWER: - can cause vasoconstriction
of blood vessels. This would cause less urine (turn off the tap).
- aldosterone: produced by adrenal gland and causes increases sodium reabsorption
from the filtrate back to blood stream, bringing water along with it. If aldosterone
increases, urine production decreases
- ADH: tells nephron to reabsorb water (facultative reabsorption). If ADH increases,
urine production decreases
the bladder wall is composed of what - ANSWER: smooth muscle (the detrusor) and
transitional epithelium which can expand or contract to accommodate fluid
The bladder is controlled by the __________ nervous system, which regulates its
contraction and relaxation - ANSWER: autonomic
what happens when the bladder is full - ANSWER: stretch receptors in the bladder
wall send signals to the brain, which triggers the urge to urinate. The external urinary
sphincter, a ring of muscle surrounding the urethra, can be voluntarily controlled to
initiate or delay urination.
what happens to the sphincter and detrusor when you pee? - ANSWER: the detrusor
contracts automatically, and you consciously relax your sphincter
, UTO is classified into two categories based on location of the obstruction: - ANSWER:
Upper urinary tract obstruction. This type of obstruction occurs in the renal pelvis or
the ureter.
Lower urinary tract obstruction. This type of obstruction occurs in the bladder or the
urethra.
what are the two main mechanisms of urinary obstruction? - ANSWER: Mechanical
obstruction. This occurs due to the presence of stones, tumors, or strictures that
physically block the flow of urine.
Functional obstruction. This occurs due to the failure of the smooth muscles in the
ureter to propel urine forward.
Reflex spasm. This occurs due to irritation of the urinary bladder or ureters by l
stones or other irritants (e.g., bacteria). This is what type of obstruction? - ANSWER:
functional
Extraluminal compression. This occurs due to the compression of the ureter by
adjacent structures, such as a pelvic tumor or aortic aneurysm. What type of
obstruction is this? - ANSWER: mechanical
can UTI cause obstruction? - ANSWER: Yes! UTI can cause stenosis (inflammation) in
urinary tract causing stasis (and potentially renal calculi). Vice versa b/c blockage can
cause stasis and UTI!
what are three potential complications of obstruction? - ANSWER: obstructive
uropathy
UTI
urinary tract dilatation
how does obstructive uropathy and urinary tract dilatation cause kidney damage? -
ANSWER: Kidney damage - obstructive uropathy b/c kidney parenchyma is being
compressed (medullary area where nephrons compressed).
what is urinary tract dilatation? - ANSWER: Dilatation: collection or urine above the
obstruction causing the tissue to stretch
hydroureter - ANSWER: dilatation of the ureter
Hydronephrosis - ANSWER: dilatation of the kidney's collecting system (renal pelvis
and calyces)
Ureterohydronephrosis - ANSWER: a combination of both hydroureter and
hydronephrosis (ureter,
renal pelvis, and calyces).
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