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CPCE/NCE Exam questions with complete solutions graded A+
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CPCE/NCE Exam questions with complete solutions graded A+
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CPCE/NCE ExamBehaviorism - Theorists - correct answer ✔✔John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, and B. F.
Skinner.
Erik Erikson's Eight Psychosocial Stages - correct answer ✔✔Trust versus mistrust (birth to age 1 ½
years); autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 ½ to 3 years); initiative versus guilt (3 to 6 years); industry
versus inferiority (6 to 11 years): identity versus role confusion (12 to 18 years); intimacy versus isolation
(18 to 35 years); generativity versus stagnation (35 to 60 years); and integrity versus despair (age 65 and
beyond).
Jean Piaget's Qualitative Four Stages of Cognitive Development (Genetic Epistemology) - correct answer
✔✔Theory: Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years); Preoperational (2 to 7 years); Concrete Operations (7 to 12
years); and Formal Operations (11/ 12 to 16).
Assimilation/Adaptation - correct answer ✔✔When the individual fits information into existing ideas.
(reinforces beliefs)
Accommodation - correct answer ✔✔Modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new information.
(changes beliefs)
Conservation - correct answer ✔✔The child knows that volume and quantity do not change, just
because the appearance of an object changes.
Kegan's Constructive Developmental Model - correct answer ✔✔model emphasizes the impact of
interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality; construct reality throughout lifespan; meaning
making; Kegan suggests six stages of life span development: incorporative, impulsive, imperial,
interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual.
Lawrence Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development - correct answer ✔✔Each level has two stages:
preconventional level— behavior governed by consequences; conventional level— a desire to conform
to socially acceptable rules; postconventional level— self-accepted moral principles guide behavior.
,Carol Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development for Women - correct answer ✔✔Gilligan's 1982 book In a
Different Voice illuminated the fact that Kohlberg's research was conducted on males. Women have a
sense of caring and compassion.
Daniel Levinson Four Major Eras/ Transitions Theory - correct answer ✔✔In a 1978 classic book titled
The Seasons of a Man's Life Levinson depicted the changes in men's lives throughout the lifespan. The
four key eras include: childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later
adulthood.
Lev Vygotsky (1896- 1934) - correct answer ✔✔zone of proximal development
William Perry's Three Stage Theory of Intellectual and Ethical Development in Adults/ College Students
(dualistic thinking) - correct answer ✔✔Dualism in which students view the truth as either right or
wrong. Relativism is the notion that a perfect answer may not exist. There is a desire to know various
opinions. Commitment to relativism— in this final stage the individual is willing to change his or opinion
based on novel facts and new points of view.
James W. Fowler's Prestage Plus Six Stage Theory of Faith and Spiritual Development - correct answer
✔✔Stage 0 undifferentiated (primal) faith (infancy, birth to 4 years); Stage 1 intuitive-projective faith (2
to 7 years, early childhood); mythic-literal faith (childhood and beyond); synthetic-conventional faith
(adolescence and beyond) a stage of conformity); individuative-reflective faith (young adulthood and
beyond); conjunctive faith (midthirties and beyond) openness to other points of view, paradox, and
appreciation of symbols and metaphors; and universalizing faith (midlife and beyond) few reach this
stage of enlightenment.
Ethnocentrism - correct answer ✔✔means that a given group sees itself as the standard by which other
ethnic groups are measured
Emic versus etic - correct answer ✔✔In the emic approach the counselor helps the client understand his
or her culture. In the etic approach the counselor focuses on the similarities in people; treating people as
being the same.
autoplastic- alloplastic dilemma - correct answer ✔✔Autoplastic implies that the counselor helps the
client change to cope with his or her environment. Alloplastic occurs when the counselor has the client
try to change the environment.
, Social comparison theory - correct answer ✔✔Popularized by early research conducted by Leon
Festinger, simply postulates that we evaluate our behaviors and accomplishments by comparing
ourselves to others.
The five-stage Atkinson, Morten, and Sue Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (R/ CID) aka the
Minority Identity Model - correct answer ✔✔(1) Conformity (lean toward dominant culture and prefer a
counselor from the dominant culture); (2) Dissonance (question and confusion, prefer a counselor from a
minority group); (3) Resistance and Immersion (reject the dominant culture while accepting one's own
culture); (4) Introspection (mixed feelings related to the previous stage, prefer a counselor from one's
own racial/ ethnic group) and (5) Synergetic Articulation and Awareness (stop racial and cultural
oppression, prefers a counselor with a similar attitude or worldview over merely a counselor who is the
same race/ ethnicity, but has different beliefs). Not everyone goes through all stages and some
individuals never progress beyond the second or third stage. An individual can also go backward.
Abreaction - correct answer ✔✔violent cathartic reaction
Abscissa - correct answer ✔✔x-coordinate
Absolutist thinking/musterbations - correct answer ✔✔Albert Ellis - using too many "shoulds, oughts,
and musts"
APGA (1952) > AACD (1983) > ACA (1992) - correct answer ✔✔American Personnel and Guidance
Association (National Vocational Guidance Association fused into)> American Association for Counseling
and Development > American Counseling Association
Nathan Ackerman & James Framo and Robin Skynner - correct answer ✔✔Psychodynamic Family
Therapy
Acquiescence - correct answer ✔✔when the client always agrees with something
Acquisition period - correct answer ✔✔time is takes to learn or acquire a behavior
Applied/Action/experience-near research - correct answer ✔✔advance our knowledge of how skills,
theories, and techniques can be used in practical application
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