Summary
Samenvatting - Statistiek I voor de sociale wetenschappen (000363)
- Course
- Institution
Haalde het direct bij het eerste examen. Alles zit erin, samen met powerpoints. bevat vooral theorie
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
SweetWinny
Reviews received
Content preview
Inhoud1 Waarom doen wij aan statistiek? ................................................................................................... 10
2 Soorten statistiek: ........................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Beschrijvende statistiek: ......................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Inferentiële statistiek .............................................................................................................. 12
2.3 Verklarende statistiek of statistische analyse ......................................................................... 12
3 Misleiding door statistiek ............................................................................................................... 13
4 Statistiek: oorsprong? ..................................................................................................................... 13
4.1 Ontstaan midden de 18de eeuw ............................................................................................ 13
4.2 Midden 19de eeuw................................................................................................................. 13
4.2.1 Adolphe Quetelet ........................................................................................................... 13
1 Terminologie en kernbegrippen ..................................................................................................... 14
2 Waarom meten?............................................................................................................................. 15
3 Wat is meten? ................................................................................................................................ 16
3.1 Operationalisatie .................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Afhankelijke en onafhankelijke variabelen ............................................................................. 16
3.3 Het meten ............................................................................................................................... 16
3.4 Meten en meetschalen........................................................................................................... 17
3.5 Kwantitatieve versus kwalitatieve waarden? ......................................................................... 17
4 Eigenschappen van variabelen ....................................................................................................... 18
4.1 Meetniveau............................................................................................................................. 18
4.1.1 Nominale variabelen....................................................................................................... 18
4.1.2 Ordinale variabelen ........................................................................................................ 18
4.1.3 Intervalvariabelen ........................................................................................................... 18
4.1.4 Ratiovariabelen ............................................................................................................... 19
4.1.5 Soorten variabelen ......................................................................................................... 19
4.2 Eigenschappen van variabelen ............................................................................................... 20
4.2.1 Kwalitatieve of categorische variabelen en kwantitatieve ............................................. 20
4.2.2 Discrete en continue variabelen ..................................................................................... 20
4.2.3 Dummy variabelen.......................................................................................................... 20
5 Examenvragen ................................................................................................................................ 20
1 Inleiding .......................................................................................................................................... 21
1.1 Bos door de getallenbomen?.................................................................................................. 21
2 Frequentieverdelingen en – tabellen en grafieken......................................................................... 21
2.1 Voorbeeld uit European Sociale Survey .................................................................................. 21
, 2.2 Frequentieverdelingen en –tabellen: Waarom?..................................................................... 22
2.3 Grafieken: waarom? ............................................................................................................... 22
3 Definities en notatie ....................................................................................................................... 22
4 Absolute en relatieve frequenties .................................................................................................. 23
5 Frequentieverdeling en grafische voorstelling ............................................................................... 23
5.1 Grafische voorstelling van frequentieverdelingen .................................................................. 23
5.2 Nominale gegevens ................................................................................................................ 23
Schikking van gegevens op nominale schaal................................................................................... 23
5.2.1 Schikking van gegevens op nominale schaal: balkdiagram ............................................. 23
5.2.2 Grafische voorstelling van nominale schaal: balkdiagram .............................................. 24
5.2.3 Grafische voorstelling van nominale schaal: cirkeldiagram/taartdiagram ..................... 24
5.2.4 Grafische voorstelling van nominale schaal: pictogram (symboolverzameling) ............. 24
5.3 Ordinale gegevens .................................................................................................................. 24
Schikking van gegevens op ordinale schaal .................................................................................... 24
5.3.1 Grafische voorstelling van ordinale schaal: balkdiagram................................................ 25
5.3.2 Grafische voorstelling ordinale schaal: cumulatieve frequentiefunctie ......................... 25
5.4 Interval- en ratiogegevens ...................................................................................................... 25
Niet in klassen gegroepeerde gegevens ......................................................................................... 25
5.4.1 Niet in klassen gegroepeerde gegevens ......................................................................... 26
5.4.2 Niet in klassen gegroepeerde gegevens: staafdiagram .................................................. 26
5.4.3 Niet in klassen gegroepeerde gegevens: histogram ....................................................... 26
5.4.4 Niet in klassen gegroepeerde gegevens: frequentiepolygoon ....................................... 26
5.4.5 Niet in klassen gegroepeerde gegevens: cumulatieve frequentiefunctie ...................... 27
5.4.6 In klassen gegroepeerde gegevens: frequentietabel...................................................... 28
5.4.7 In klassen gegroepeerde gegevens: histogram .............................................................. 29
5.4.8 In klassen gegroepeerde gegevens: frequentieveelhoek ............................................... 29
5.4.9 In klassen gegroepeerde gegevens: diagram cumulatieve frequentie ........................... 29
6 Frequentieverdeling en grafische voorstelling: synthese ............................................................... 30
1 Waarom statistische maten? .......................................................................................................... 31
1.1 Statistische maten .................................................................................................................. 31
2 Soorten statistische maten ............................................................................................................. 31
2.1 Statistische maten van ligging (van positie) ............................................................................ 31
2.1.1 Statistische maten van centrale tendens of centrummaten .......................................... 31
2.2 Statistische maten van spreiding ............................................................................................ 31
2.3 Statistische maten van vorm .................................................................................................. 31
3 Statistische maten van ligging ........................................................................................................ 32
, 3.1 Centrummaten: modus .......................................................................................................... 32
3.1.1 In klassen gegroepeerde gegevens................................................................................. 32
3.2 Centrummaten: mediaan ....................................................................................................... 33
3.2.1 Mediaan in klassen gegroepeerde gegevens .................................................................. 33
3.2.2 Mediaan: eigenschappen ............................................................................................... 34
3.3 Centrummaten: rekenkundige gemiddelde............................................................................ 35
3.3.1 Rekenkundig gemiddelde (intervalschaal) ...................................................................... 35
3.3.2 Eigenschappen gemiddelde ............................................................................................ 36
3.3.3 Overzicht......................................................................................................................... 36
4 Statistische maten van ligging: kwantielen ..................................................................................... 37
4.1 Kwantielen: kwartielen ........................................................................................................... 37
4.2 Kwantielen: decielen .............................................................................................................. 38
4.3 Kwantielen: percentielen........................................................................................................ 38
4.4 Kwantielen: oefening .............................................................................................................. 39
5 Momenten ...................................................................................................................................... 40
5.1 Karl Pearson (1857-1936) ....................................................................................................... 40
5.2 Momenten rond de oorsprong (c = 0) .................................................................................... 41
5.3 Momenten rond een constante (c = c) ................................................................................... 41
5.4 Momenten rond gemiddelde (c = gemiddelde)...................................................................... 41
5.5 Momenten: oefening.............................................................................................................. 42
1 Statistische maten van spreiding .................................................................................................... 43
1.1 Variatie is de werkelijkheid ..................................................................................................... 43
1.2 Begrip spreiding ...................................................................................................................... 43
1.3 Spreidingsmaten ..................................................................................................................... 44
1.4 Variatiebreedte of range ........................................................................................................ 44
1.5 Interkwartielafstand ............................................................................................................... 44
1.5.1 Oefening interkwartielafstand ........................................................................................ 45
1.6 Interdecielafstand................................................................................................................... 45
1.6.1 Oefening interdecielafstand ........................................................................................... 45
2 De Boxplot: 5 kengetallen in één grafiek ........................................................................................ 45
2.1 De Boxplot: outliers ................................................................................................................ 46
2.2 De Boxplot: 5 kengetallen in één grafiek ................................................................................ 46
3 Spreiding ......................................................................................................................................... 47
3.1 Maten voor spreiding bij interval- en ratiovariabelen ............................................................ 47
3.1.1 Centraal moment van rang 1: gemiddelde afwijking van het gemiddelde ..................... 47
3.2 Gemiddelde absolute afwijking .............................................................................................. 48
, 3.3 Variatie: sum of squares (SS) .................................................................................................. 48
4 Variantie ......................................................................................................................................... 49
4.1 Even centrale momenten ....................................................................................................... 49
4.1.1 Kenmerken van de variantie ........................................................................................... 49
4.1.2 Standaardafwijking ......................................................................................................... 50
5 Variatiecoëfficiënt .......................................................................................................................... 50
6 Overzicht van spreidingsmaten ...................................................................................................... 51
Oefening spreidingsmaten PW Statistiek I...................................................................................... 51
7 Toepassing standaardafwijking: normaalverdeling ........................................................................ 52
7.1 Toepassing 1: oppervlakte onder normale verdeling ............................................................. 52
8 Toepassingen standaardafwijking: z-scores.................................................................................... 53
8.1 Toepassing 2: gestandaardiseerde scores .............................................................................. 53
8.1.1 Standaard normaal verdeling ......................................................................................... 53
9 Statistische maten van vorm .......................................................................................................... 54
9.1 Maten voor symmetrie van een verdeling.............................................................................. 54
9.1.1 De empirische coëfficiënt van Pearson S........................................................................ 55
9.1.2 Coëfficiënt van Yule en Kendall ...................................................................................... 56
9.2 Oneven centrale momenten .................................................................................................. 57
9.2.1 Coëfficiënt van Fisher (𝑔1) ............................................................................................. 57
9.2.2 Coëfficiënt van Pearson (𝑏1) .......................................................................................... 57
9.3 Maten voor afplatting van een verdeling ............................................................................... 58
9.3.1 De coëfficiënt van Pearson (𝑏2) ..................................................................................... 58
9.3.2 De coëfficiënt van Fisher (𝑔2) ........................................................................................ 58
10 Overzicht momenten (brutogegevens) ...................................................................................... 59
1 Introductie ...................................................................................................................................... 60
1.1 Wat is de samenhang? ........................................................................................................... 60
1.1.1 Samenhang: waarom? .................................................................................................... 60
Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................................... 60
1.2 Hoe onderzoeken we de samenhang? ................................................................................... 61
1.2.1 Samenhang: hoe onderzoeken? ..................................................................................... 61
1.3 Samenhang en causaliteit? ..................................................................................................... 61
2 Samenhang tussen twee categorische variabelen .......................................................................... 62
Tweedimensionale kruistabellen ........................................................................................................ 62
2.1 Aard en richting van een relatie ............................................................................................. 62
2.1.1 Anatomie ........................................................................................................................ 62
Anatomie: kolommen, rijen en cellen............................................................................................. 63
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller SweetWinny. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $8.88. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
80467 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now