Deze samenvatting is gemaakt door een VWO5 leerling en betreft alle nodige stof richting psychologie voor VWO 5. De thema's persoonlijkheidsleer, ontwikkelingspsychologie, klinische psychologie en sociale- en massapsychologie.
Persoonlijkheidsleer I - Externe factoren: socialisatie & motivatie
= de studie van verschillen en overeenkomsten in persoonlijkheid tussen mensen. Probeert gedrag te voorspellen in verschillende
situaties
3 soorten wetenschappen:
1. De alfawetenschap: Talen, geschiedenis, media en cultuur, filosofie
2. De gammawetenschap: Sociale wetenschappen, psychologie valt hieronder: Begrijpen, voorspellen/verklaren en wetmatigheden
3. De bètawetenschap: Verklaren/voorspellen x → y
Motivation and emotion (chapter 10)
Motivation: A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal
→ Can be influenced by our emotions, vb. van met steen over been: hij raakt gedreven door zijn emotie
Mechanical skill → Rewards work
Cognitive skill → Rewards don’t work
Er zijn 3 dingen die ons echt motiveren:
1. Autonomy: Zelf een beetje mogen bepalen
2. Mastery: De kick om ergens beter in te worden
3. Purpose: Doel dat je iets bijdraagt aan de wereld
Er zijn 4 motivational concepts:
* Instinct theory (evolutionary perspective): Genetically predisposed behaviors
- All sort of behaviors were classified as instincts
- Rather than explaining human behaviors, they were naming them
- Behavior: Must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned
- Genes do predispose some species typical behavior
* Drive-reduction theory: How do we respond on our inner pushes
- = the idea that a psychological need (food, water) creates an aroused, motivated state (a drive, such as hunger or thirst) that
pushes the organism to reduce the need by say; eating or drinking
- ! exception, when a physiological need increases, so does a psychological drive
- Homeostasis: The maintenance of a steady internal state, for example the temperature-regulation system
, - But also being pulled by incentives: Positive or negative environmental stimuli that lure or repel us
* Arousal theory: Focuses on finding the right level of stimulation
- Wanneer we pleased zijn, raken we verveeld en benieuwd naar dingen
- Drive to explore the relatively unfamiliar
- Na onze basisbehoeften gaan we op zoek naar een nieuwe drive, tot een bepaald level
- Yerkes-Dodson law: Moderate arousal would lead to optimal performance, but with more difficult tasks requiring lower
arousal for best performance
* Hierarchy of needs: Focuses on the priority of some needs over others
- Loopt steeds complexer als een soort trap
- With needs for air and water satisfied, other motives are energizing and directing your behavior
- ! The order of such needs is not universally fixed
- Hunger → The need to belong → The need to achieve
Achievement motivation (chapter 10)
= A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for rapidly attaining a high standard
The more we achieve, the more we may need to achieve
→ The people with high achievement motivation do achieve more: als kind al resultaat in actieve hobby’s, meer energie en ambitieus,
later ook meer succesvol
Discipline outdoes talent: nurture over nature
Grit: Passionate dedication to an ambitious, long-term goal
Emotion: Arousal, Behaviour, and cognition (chapter 10)
Emoties zijn een reactie van ons lichaam om onze kansen op overleving te verhogen
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