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Summary of all lectures of social research methodology
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Social Research MethodologyLecture 1
Why conduct research?
Questions occur to us
Aspects of our understanding of what goes on in society that is unresolved
Why scientific research?
Systematic deliberate planning, following clear research process
Verifiable, controllable, transparent: clarification & reflection about how it was found
Empirical evidence decides
Steps in research process
1. Research question
2. Literature review
3. Concept & theory
4. Selection of research units/ sample cases
5. Data collection
6. Data analysis
7. Writing up
8. Conclusion leads to new research question
Social research is messy steps are not always followed/in order therefore you need to have
flexibility & perseverance
Research questions
Motivation & relevance
scientific puzzle or practical on society
Type of questions
o Exploratory Openminded
o Descriptive Describing phenomenon
o Exploratory Explaining, why?
o Evaluative Evaluate intervention “How effective?”How effective?”
Questions influences all phases of research process
o Which literature?
o Design?
o Which analysis
o Conclusions
Open minded research is tricky always begin with research question
,Role of theory in research
1. Range of theory
o Grand General and abstract
o Middle range
o Empirical generalization Concrete & limited
2. Direction of research
o Deductive Start with theory
o Inductive Derive theory from findings
o Iterative Circular process
Lecture 2
Philosophical assumptions a lot of disagreement about ontological & epistemological positions
this influences your research
Ontology (study of being) what is reality?
Objectivism There are objective things external to social actors
Constructivism Social constructions are built up from perceptions & actions of social
actors
Epistemology (study of knowing) what is the source of knowledge?
Positivist (Karl Popper)
We can test theories against facts, there is a “How effective?”truth”
Explaining
Only knowledge through senses is real
Possible to reach agreement about observation/facts objectivism
We want universal laws
Empirical realism: There is a reality
Falsification: We can not learn from just observation
Science should be value free & it can be
Quantitative research
Interpretative (Kuhn)
One paradigm is not better than the other, there is no “How effective?”’one truth’’
Understanding
Social phenomena are accomplished by social actors constructivism
Ideographic: Everything we see is an unique event
Goal: Understanding social action
Hermeneutics: Interpretation of text
Gain access to peoples common sense
Constructivism second meaning researchers present their version of reality
Relativism: all moral values are equally valid
Reflexivity: be aware of personal perspective & transparent
Qualitative research
, Qualitative Quantitative
Induction Deduction
Constructivism Objectivism
Interpretivism Positivism
Data words Data numbers
A few case studies As many cases as possible
Understanding Explaining
Interpretation of words Statistics
Lecture 3
Research design framework/outline of study
Research method technique for collecting data
Evaluation criteria (mostly for quantitative research)
Reliability Are measures consistent and stable?
Replication Study repeatable?
Validity Are conclusions well-founded?
o Measurement validity do we measure the right thing to represent the concept?
Invalid measurement: e.g. lying in survey
Unreliable measurement: inconsistent
Measurement must be reliable (consistent and stable) and valid (capture
meaning of a concept)
o Internal validity Causality, does y influence x?
o External validity Generalizability (sample must be representative)
o Ecological validity Are findings from artificial situations applicable in real life?
(Naturalism: style of research that seeks to minimize intrusion of artificial methods)
Alternative criteria for qualitative research
Dependability
Credibility
Transferability
Confirmability
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