8. Be able to define/differentiate between delusions and hallucinations and give 5
examples of each.
Key Difference:
Delusions involve false beliefs that the mind interprets as real, even when contradictory
evidence is presented.
Hallucinations involve false sensory experiences that feel real, even though nothing is
stimulating the senses.
5 Examples of Delusions:
Persecutory Delusion: The belief that others are out to get them, or spy on them, such as
the belief that the government is following their every move.
Grandiose Delusion: The belief in possessing great abilities or being famous, such as
believing oneself to be a famous historical figure or a superhero.
Referential Delusion: The belief that gestures, comments, or events are specifically
directed at them, such as the belief that a television show is sending them messages.
Somatic Delusion: The belief that something is physically wrong with their body; for
example, symptoms of an insect infestation under the skin when there is no supporting
,evidence.
Erotomanic Delusion: This involves the belief that another person is in love with them
without any previous contact or communication with that person, and this other person
is usually a stranger or celebrity.
5 Examples of Hallucinations:
Auditory Hallucinations: The false perception of voices or noises, such as hearing
someone call their name when they are alone.
These are examples of seeing people, shapes, or lights that do not exist: seeing
shadows or figures in an empty room.
Smelling odors that are not there; for example, the smell of smoke or something rotting
when nothing is burning.
Feeling bugs crawling on their skin, among other things, is a basis of feeling physical
sensations that are not occurring.
Tasting metal or poison in their food is one example of more that might constitute tasting
something unusual or unpleasant that isn't there.
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Schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders
A group of disorders on a spectrum
¢We will focus mostly on schizophrenia but be aware:
, Brief psychotic disorder: sudden onset - one month, never happens again
Schizophreniform disorder: one to six months
Schizoaffective disorder: features of schizophrenia and a mood disorder
You will see in personality disorders: schizoid and schizotypal under Cluster A
Schizophrenia - Overview
¢Characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized
behavior and other symptoms that cause substantial social and/ or occupational
dysfunctions.
What category do these fall into?
-feeling strange sensations = halucinations
-believing you are close to curing a disease = ideas of grandeur
-believing the police are following you = paranoia
-repeating another person's words by imitation = echolalia
Excessive purposeless motor activity = hyper-catatonia
¢The symptoms are categorized into four: positive, negative, cognitive and mood
**Know the differences
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