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samenvatting seksualiteit en globalisering
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2.1.5. Routes wereldwijd ...........................................................................................................382.1.6. Migratie per wereldregio .................................................................................................39
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.1.7. Herkomst & doellanden ...................................................................................................39
Introductie & opdracht (les1): ............................................................................................ 7 2.1.8. Migratie per wereldregio .................................................................................................39
Rode draad – adhv 2 citaten ....................................................................................................... 7 2.1.9. migratie in belgie .............................................................................................................40
Inhoudelijke focus ...................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.10. migratie = stedelijke fenomeen ......................................................................................41
Cursusmateriaal & examen......................................................................................................... 9 2.1.11. Herinner: Global Underclass........................................................................................42
1.1 globalisering – een Introductie: wat is globalisering (les 1) ........................................... 9 2.2. ‘Trafficking’ ....................................................................................................... 43
Voorbeelden: (merkers v glob) ..................................................................................................10 2.2.1. Overzicht – Trafficking in kaart ......................................................................................43
2. globalisering ..........................................................................................................................11 2.2.2. Definitie – Palermo Protocol ..........................................................................................47
2.1 Enkele definities: Processen & Structuren ............................................................................................. 11
2.2.3. Vormen van trafficking ....................................................................................................50
2.2 EERSTE OMSCHRIJVING = kader / kapstok ............................................................................................. 12
2.3 Dimensies van Globalisering ................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.4. TiP for Sexual Exploitation ...............................................................................................52
3. Welke 'Globalisering'? – hoe zit het dan met de theorieën .....................................................18 2.2.5. Focus op België ................................................................................................................57
VIGOROUS DEBATE (Collin Sparks) ............................................................................................................... 18
Trafficking deel twee (les 6) .......................................................................................................63
GLOBALISATIETHEORIEËN (reader – theories of globalisation): ................................................................... 18
GLOBALISERING ALS KWALITATIEVE SPRONG ............................................................................................. 19 2.2.6. Ideologie: ‘Trafficking’ vs ‘(Migrant) Sex Work’ ..............................................................64
'Globalisering:' tussenstop 1 ........................................................................................................................ 21
GLOBALISERING ALS ECONOMISCH PROCES – (zwakke theorieen) .............................................................. 22
2.2.7. History Repeats Itself? ’White Slavery' ............................................................................65
Globalisering: tussenstop 2.......................................................................................................................... 26 2.2.8. Trafficking in de activistische media .........................................................................66
Globalisering: het kan nog complexer ......................................................................................................... 26
Aspecten van globalisering .......................................................................................................................... 28 2.2.9. Trafficking in de populaire media ..................................................................................67
1.2 Seksualiteit en globalisering – Overzichten en thema’s ............................................... 29 2.2.10. Trafficking in de geschreven (boek)media....................................................................67
2.2.11. Heisa over het Protocol: Voor én Na ..............................................................................67
Global sex – belang v seks .........................................................................................................29
2.2.12.1. Overzicht ....................................................................................................................68
2. globale transformaties ...........................................................................................................33
2.2.13. Sekswerk: What's in a Name? ......................................................................................70
3. Een (zeer) kort literatuuroverzicht .........................................................................................33
2.2.14. Coalition Against Trafficking in Women * ......................................................................72
4. Thema’s (binnen brede domein v sexualiteit en glob studies) ................................................34
5. Global Sex – Dennis Altam .....................................................................................................34 2.2.15. Anti-Prostitutie-Feminisme ......................................................................................75
5.1. Sociaal constructivisme......................................................................................................................... 34 2.2.16. Vienna Process – Again ..............................................................................................84
5.2. Seksualiteit en 'Modernisering' ............................................................................................................ 35
5.3. Analysemodel: politieke economie ....................................................................................................... 35
2.2.17. Sex as Work ................................................................................................................84
5.4. Naar een globale seksuele politiek? ..................................................................................................... 36 2.2.18. GAATW - Global Alliance Against Trafficking in Women .......................................84
6. Te behandelen thema's .........................................................................................................36 2.2.18. Mensenrechten en sekswerk..........................................................................................85
2.1 Introductie: in kaart – Global people flows ........................................................ 37 2.2.19.1. Amnesty International ...........................................................................................85
2.1.1. Globale flows van personen ............................................................................................37 2.2.20. 'Pro'-sekswerkstemmen ...........................................................................................86
2.1.3. Migratie & Globalisering ..................................................................................................38 2.2.21. Seks, Werk, Migratie & (Seks)Toerisme ..................................................................90
2.1.4. Migratie: soorten, vormen, richtingen .............................................................................38 2.3. Sekstoerisme ............................................................................................................. 92
1 2
, 2.3.1. Seks, Werk, Migratie & (Seks)Toerisme ...........................................................................92 2.5.5. Trafficking? ................................................................................................................... 123
2.3.2. Mobiliteit: Migratie en Toerisme .....................................................................................92 1. Globalisering en Seks – een breed perspectief ............................................................ 127
2.3.3. UNWTO ...........................................................................................................................93 1.1. Post WOII – ’60-’70ties - context ....................................................................................... 127
2.3.4. 'Klassiek beeld‘ ................................................................................................................93 1.2. Post WOII – ’60-’70ties - seksualiteit ................................................................................. 127
2.3.5.Klassieke bestemmingen...................................................................................................94 1.3. 1980 – 1990 - context........................................................................................................ 128
2.3.6. Aanbod ............................................................................................................................94 1.4. 1980 – 1990 - seksualiteit.................................................................................................. 128
2.3.7. Enkele voorbeelden – om muliti facetheid in kaart te brengen.........................................94 1.5. 1990 – 2000 - context........................................................................................................ 128
a ) Case – Thailand ('The global brothel') ..................................................................................................... 95
1.6. 1990 – 2000 - seksualiteit.................................................................................................. 129
B ) Case – Kindersekstoerisme in Kenya ..................................................................................................... 97
C ) Case – Lapdancing in Tenerife ............................................................................................................... 99 1.7. 2000 – nu .......................................................................................................................... 129
2.3.8. Sekstoerisme - Dimensies .............................................................................................. 100 1.8. 2000 – seksualiteit ............................................................................................................ 130
2.3.9. Sekstoerisme - Beeldvorming ......................................................................................... 100 2. Thema’s ..................................................................................................................... 130
2.3.10. Sekstoerisme – uitgebreide modellen .......................................................................... 103 3. Altman: Universalism & Diversity .............................................................................. 130
2.3.11. Tijdsframes en contexten ............................................................................................. 105
4. Seksuele gezondheid en Seksuele rechten................................................................... 131
2.3.12. Sekstoerisme en ‘Spektakel’......................................................................................... 107
5. Naar ‘Seksuele rechten’ .............................................................................................. 132
2.3.13. Locaties (niet behandelt) ............................................................................................. 107
5.1. 1979 CEDAW ..................................................................................................................... 133
2.3.14. Providers / Partners (niet behandelt) ........................................................................... 107
5.2.a 1993 Wenen - World Conference on Human Rights ...................................................... 133
2.3.15. Mediators (niet behandelt) .......................................................................................... 108
5.3.1. 1994 Cairo - International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) ......... 134
2.3.16. Reisbureau’s (niet behandelt) ...................................................................................... 108
5.4.a Humanae Vitae (Paus Paulus VI, 25 July 1968) .............................................................. 136
2.3.17. De ‘goede sekstoerist’ ??? ............................................................................................ 108
5.5. Beijing 1995 - UN Fourth World Conference on Women................................................ 137
2.3.18. Reistypes & reizigers (niet behandelt) .......................................................................... 109
5.6. Petchesky ......................................................................................................................... 137
2.4. Vrouwelijk sekstoerisme? ........................................................................................ 110
5.7.a. 2000 Millennium Summit – tegen 2015 ........................................................................ 139
Do Women Do It Too? ............................................................................................................. 110
5.8.a. Sustainable Development Goals – 2015-2030 ................................................................. 140
2.4.1. Bestemmingen ............................................................................................................... 110
5.9.a IPPF – Vision 2020 (2015) ................................................................................................ 141
2.4.2. Sheila Jeffreys: Neen!..................................................................................................... 111
5.10.a ICRH............................................................................................................................. 142
2.4.3. Sanchez Taylor: Ja! ......................................................................................................... 112
5.11.a. LGBT & Seksuele Rechten ........................................................................................... 143
2.4.4. ....................................................................................................................................... 114
5.12. Mensenrechten en ‘seksuele rechten’ ............................................................................. 145
2.4.5. Missing Voices ............................................................................................................... 115
5.13. ‘Yogyakarta Principes’ - 2006 .......................................................................................... 145
2.5. De mannelijke klant / De (mannelijke commerciële) sekstoerist .............................. 117 5.14. Seksuele rechten nu – groeiend inclusief......................................................................... 147
2.5.1. De (mannelijke) klant ..................................................................................................... 117 5.15. Coalition for Sexual and Bodily Rights in Muslim Societies .............................................. 148
2.5.2. Bronnen ......................................................................................................................... 117 5.16. Breed ‘Seksuele rechten’ Activisme................................................................................. 148
2.5.3. Relevantie...................................................................................................................... 120 5.17. Sexual Rights Initiative .................................................................................................... 148
2.5.4. Profiel ............................................................................................................................ 120 5.18. Sexual Rights en de UN ................................................................................................... 149
3 4
,6. WHO & Seksuele Gezondheid ..................................................................................... 149
6.1. WHO & Seksuele Gezondheid ........................................................................................... 151
6.2. ‘Seksuele gezondheid’ - Ontwikkelingen ........................................................................... 151
6.3. WHO & Seksuele Gezondheid & Rechten .......................................................................... 152
6.4. Working definitions – ‘seks’ ............................................................................................. 152
6.5. Ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................... 152
6.6. WHO - Working definition 2002 ....................................................................................... 153
6.7. Working definitions – ‘Seksualiteit’................................................................................. 153
6.8. WHO – Sexual Health & Human Rights .............................................................................. 154
6.9. WHO – ‘Sexual rights’ ....................................................................................................... 154
6.10.a. WHO – ‘Sexual rights’................................................................................................... 155
6.11.a World Association for Sexual Health ............................................................................. 155
6.12.a. Nairobi Summit on ICPD25 Follow-up........................................................................... 156
6.13. Reproductive Justice ....................................................................................................... 158
6.14. SRHR - Problemen en thema’s ......................................................................................... 161
6.15 Herinner: Grobal/Glocal & Nothing/Something................................................................ 162
6.16. Global Sex ...................................................................................................................... 165
Examen: ......................................................................................................................... 166
5 6
, INTRODUCTIE & OPDRACHT (LES1): Citaat 2: ‘Connected lives’ van J. Weeks (hoe externe en ontvoogdings krachten de ms vormgeven)
- ‘Connected lives’: that is what I really want to talk about in the world we live in now.
Connected lives (...) are reflexive lives; that is, lives lived in growing self-consciousness of who we are, where we come
from, and what we can become.
= getracht om te oz hoe vers niv van organisaties/samenlevingen/ wereld/ instellingen, processen… vanop een
The sexual and intimate revolutions of our time are largely the result of grass-roots transformations – literally the world
hoog niv een decisieve impact hebben op individuele geleefde realiteit we have made together. For connected lives are also lives lived reciprocally, with Others who shape what we are in the
ties that not only bind but bond, and make us human.
- Vanuit macro-instellingen (bv VN, EU,..) hoe er vandaaruit beslissingen gemaakt wordt en op ons Connected lives are lives that link the global and the local, bridging distances and linking questions of sexuality and
intimacy to issues of rights and responsibilities, to social justice.
dagelijkse leven consequenties hebben, reguleren etc
- Hoe macro en meson iv op onze (micro) levens effect hebben ð Niet enkel top-down (impact v wetten etc )– maar focust hoe individuen vanuit
- Maar ook de omgekeerde beweging grassoorten (activisme) de wereld vorm gegeven hebben (met alle gevolgen van dien)
o (grassroots) hoe individuen verenigen, actievoeren… van bottom up ideeën ontstaan ð Maw: dat de connected lives ook reflective lives zijn (over hun leven, seksualiteit
(vechten voor vrijheden, emancipatie..) naar macro niv nadenken en er ook iets mee doen..)
ð Het besef dat het echte werk inzake ‘seksuele bevrijding’, ‘seksuele agency..’ steeds ook
=> top down en bottom up een politieke, economische , ideologisch, culturele strijd is
- Seksualiteit als iets prive = waar, maar slechts deels
o Millet – seksualpolitics – samenlevign altijd aanwezig door denkkaders, pathologiseringen, è 2 basis ideeën waaruit prof naar seksualiteit en globalisatie kijkt
regulering… (the personal is political)
INHOUDELIJKE FOCUS
RODE DRAAD – ADHV 2 CITATEN
Seksualiteit is nooit just personal, maar heeft ook een politiek, eco, cult, en ideologische dimensie
Citaat 1: uit boek ‘global seks’ van D. Altman (een economisch model)
Ideologisch
- Heeft domein v globale seksualiteit studies op de agenda geplaatst – soort model uitgetekend:
Verwoord een belangrijk persp binnen de seksualiteits, binnen een globaliserend kader ‘Globalisering’ en 'Global Sex’ zijn gecontesteerde gegeven (extreem hard voor of tegen)– cf Altman
- = mooi verwoord in citaat Sterke voor en tegenhangers / globalisering = heel gecontesteerde gegeven
- [C]hanges in our understandings of and attitudes towards sexuality are both affected by and reflect the larger
changes of globalization. Economisch
[A]s with globalization itself, the changes are simultaneously leading to greater homogeneity and greater inequality.
As all but insignificant pockets of the world’s people are brought within the scope of global capitalism, a consumer
Mobiliteit en commercialisering
culture is developing which cuts across borders and cultures, and is universalized through advertising, mass media,
and the enormous flows of capital and people in the contemporary world.
karakteristiek v globale wereld: onst v people flows (die vers vormen aan nemen)
Increasingly sexuality becomes a terrain on which are fought out bitter disputes around the impact of global capital Migratie (niet enkel om eco, maar ook wegens hun seksualiteit..willen beter leven)
and ideas. (p. 1) Focus: 'Trafficking,' 'Sekswerk' en 'Sekstoerisme'
ð Impact v globaal kapitalisme – gevolgen vb: onst ve wereldwijde consumenten cultuur Politiek (brede betekenis)
(van producten, maar ook ideeën)
ð Het consumentisme/ prepareren v individu als consument = een proces aangestuurd Benaderen via notie ‘Seksuele rechten’ (mensenrechten)discours en activisme
door cult processen waarbij mensen zich als dat soort consuming individual gaan Vanaf jaren 70, zeker 80 = aantal zaken die wereldwijd optreden oa enorme opgang v
‘mensenrechtendiscours’ (hangt samen met een mensenrechten activisme)
krarakterisern
Ontwikkeling van notie 'seksuele gezondheid’
ð DUS: focus op eco gericht en de effecten = een belangrijk aspect in breder oz v
Binnen Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie (WHO), openbreken naar seksueel welbevinden,
seksualiteit en globalisering Reproductieve rechtvaardigheid
ð De wereld w steeds kleiner – w steeds makkelijker om van alles op de hoogte zijn, wat Reproductieve politiek / gestratificeerde reproductie • Medicalisering, preventie en ziekte
de mogelijkheden zijn, wat elders wel/ niet kan = wereldwijd op de hoogte zijn (cultuur ‘Seksuele rechtvaardigheid’?
is niet meer een lokaal gegeven) = genereerd spanningen (mensen eisen rechten op)
ð Seksualiteit = een v die cruciale domein wrop al die tegengestelde tendensen v Cultureel
ontwikkelin, traditionalisme.. verhoogd w uitgevochten, en botsen
(belang v feminisme – op macro niv) Globale seksuele identeiten en '(sub)culturen'
= seksual politics Traditionalisme en ontwikkeling
7 8
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