Exam (elaborations)
NR 503-MIDTERM EXAM
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Exam of 80 pages for the course nr 503 at nr 503 (NR 503-MIDTERM EXAM)
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Name: Score:78 Multiple choice questions
Definition 1 of 78
Observation of humans who have a trait, factor, or exposure, and so on.
Highest level of data
Best way to establish causation
Positive predictive value (ppv)
Descriptive study methods
Definition 2 of 78
Experiments that introduce a treatment to study its effects on real people.
less bias (randomizing and bias)
comparison between intervention groups & control groups are randomly selected
Planned AND provides sound evidence of cause & effect
GOLD STANDARD
Rct vs. case-control clinical trials
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
Case-control study
Cohort study
,Definition 3 of 78
Where the information is pulled from the database
Internal Validity
Clinical Significance
Analytic Study Methods
Passive Surviellance
Definition 4 of 78
Describe a relationship between disease AND other factors at one point in time in a defined
population
No comparison group
Lack of info on timing of exposure AND outcome relationships AND include prevalent cases
Compare diagnostic tests called PROSPECTIVE, BLIND COMPARISON to the gold standard
Varying degrees of illness
Sensitivity AND specificity of new test compared to that of the gold standard
intervention group that receives treatment
Estimates of prevalence
Monitor trends
retrospective study
cross-sectional study
cohort study
scientific misconduct
,Definition 5 of 78
Incidence of a disease in a population
Absolute Risk
Prevalence
Clinical Significance
Relative Risk
Definition 6 of 78
Characterization of the potential adverse health effects of human exposures to environmental
hazards
Absolute Risk
Relative Risk
Risk Analysis
Risk Management
Definition 7 of 78
combines sensitivity & specificity data to help clinician quantify how much the odds of disease
change based on positive & negative results
sensitivity
specificity
likelihood ratio
odds ratio
, Definition 8 of 78
1) Temporal relationship-associated factor must be present before the disease
2) Strength of association-The stronger the relationship, the more likely it is casual
3)Dose-response relationship-dose increases, so does the risk of development of the disease
4)replication of findings-findings can be found repeated in other studies
5) Biological plausibility-current knowledge on the factor or exposure and the response of the
human body on the cellular level is consistent with the findings
Positive predictive value
Social justice & health inequalities
6 ways to establish causation
When does bias become a problem?
Definition 9 of 78
focuses on risk, data, demographics, and outcomes
social determinants of health
population health
health disparities
epidemiology
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