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2024 PORTAGE NURS 251 ENDOCRINOLOGY (DIABETES, INSULIN) WITH ANSWERS
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2024 PORTAGE NURS 251 ENDOCRINOLOGY (DIABETES, INSULIN) WITH ANSWERS
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2024 PORTAGE NURS 251ENDOCRINOLOGY (DIABETES,
INSULIN) WITH ANSWERS
Describe the basic pathophysiology of diabetes, specifically in the pancreas.
- CORRECT-ANSWERSDiabetes is when the pancreas no longer produces
insulin or the cells in the body stop responding to insulin or some
combination of the two.
symptoms of diabetes - CORRECT-ANSWERSHyperglycemia
glycosuria
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Hyperglycemia - CORRECT-ANSWERShigher than normal glucose level in the
blood; fasting blood glucose greater than 126mg/dl
Glycosuria - CORRECT-ANSWERSincrease glucose in urine
Polyuria - CORRECT-ANSWERSincreased urination
polydipsia - CORRECT-ANSWERSexcessive thirst
Polyphagia - CORRECT-ANSWERSexcessive hunger
ketosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSincreased production of ketone bodies as a
result of fat metabolism which can lead to DKA
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - CORRECT-ANSWERSa complex multisystem
complication of uncontrolled diabetes that without treatment can lead to
coma and death
presentation of DKA is how type 1 diabetes is diagnosed 25% of the time
Hypoglycemia - CORRECT-ANSWERSlower than normal range of glucose
levels in the blood.
defines as less than 70mg/dl accompanied with symptoms of confusion,
irritability, tremors, sweating, seizures
, treatments - intake sugar
Type 1 diabetes - CORRECT-ANSWERSAn autoimmune disorder in which
autoantibodies are produced against the beta cells in the pancreas that
secrete insulin.
More commonly diagnosed in children or adolescents
Must need long term insulin replacement therapy
Type 2 diabetes - CORRECT-ANSWERSType 2 is caused by both an insulin
resistance (insulin present not working efficiently) and an insulin deficiency.
(less insuin in body). This insulin deficiency results from a loss of the normal
responsiveness of the beta cells. In addition, there is a reduction in the
number of insulin receptors on the cells and the receptors present are less
sensitive.
Obesity is a contributing factor in type 2 diabetes.
More common in adults and can be controlled by lifestyle modifications
American Diabetes Association criteria for diagnosing diabetes - CORRECT-
ANSWERSAfter fasting, repeated blood glucose of 126 mg/dL or more
2 hrs after eating, 200 mg/dL or higher
List long term consequences of diabetes, both micro and macro vascular. -
CORRECT-ANSWERSMacrovascular - primarily diseases of the coronary
arteries (increased risk of stroke, high blood pressure, increased risk of
coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease leading to slow wound
healing)
Microvascular - long term complications that affect the small blood vessels
(diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy)
Cover typical blood glucose goals including fasting blood glucose, pre and
post prandial blood glucose and HbA1c. - CORRECT-ANSWERSFasting blood
glucose = 70-140mg/dL
Preprandial (before meal) = 80-130 mg/dL
Postprandial (2 hr after meal) = <180 mg/dL
HbA1C = < 7%
Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) - CORRECT-ANSWERSa form of hemoglobin that
has glucose attached to it
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