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Summary Anatomy & physiology in English
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Anatomy & PhysiologyAnatomy and physiology are two closely related scientific fields that focus on
studying the human body. Anatomy deals with the structure of the body, while
physiology focuses on the function of these structures. Below is a detailed
explanation of both disciplines.
1. Cellular Level: The Foundation of Life
Every living structure begins with the cell, the smallest functional unit of the
body. Cells have various components such as:
Cell Membranes: Protect the cell and regulate what enters and exits.
Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA) that controls cell functions.
Cytoplasm: Fluid where organelles float, and biochemical reactions occur.
Cells group together to form tissues, and tissues form organs. The four
main types of tissues are:
Epithelial Tissue: Covers and protects body surfaces.
Connective Tissue: Provides support and structure (e.g., bones, blood).
Muscle Tissue: Facilitates movement.
Nervous Tissue: Conducts signals throughout the body.
2. Organs and Organ Systems
The human body is composed of organ systems, groups of organs working
together to perform specific functions. Examples include:
Digestive System: Includes organs like the stomach, intestines, liver,
and pancreas, which break down food and absorb nutrients.
Cardiovascular System: The heart pumps blood through the body, while
blood vessels (arteries and veins) transport oxygen and nutrients.
Respiratory System: The nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm work
together to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Nervous System: Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves,
transmitting information throughout the body to coordinate movements
and responses.
Skeletal and Muscular Systems: Bones provide structure and
protection, and along with muscles, they enable movement.
3. The Heart and Circulatory System
A key aspect of physiology is the circulatory system. The heart is divided into
four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. Blood flows through the body via
two circuits:
Pulmonary Circulation: Where deoxygenated blood is sent to the lungs
to pick up oxygen.
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