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MSN 620 Final - Mental Health Exam Study Guide Define bipolar disorder - Correct Answer️️ -Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by chronically occurring episodes of mania or hypomania alternating with depression What are the categories of bipolar disorder? - Correct Answer️️ -bipolar ...

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  • September 25, 2024
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TITLE: EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC PERIOD
OWNER: EMILLYCHARLOTTE
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT: ©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISHED: SEPTEMBER 2024

MSN 620 Final - Mental Health Exam
Study Guide

Define bipolar disorder - Correct Answer✔️✔️-Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by

chronically occurring episodes of mania or hypomania alternating with depression


What are the categories of bipolar disorder? - Correct Answer✔️✔️-bipolar I disorder (BD-

I)

bipolar II disorder (BD-II)

cyclothymic disorder

other specified bipolar and related disorders

bipolar or related disorders, unspecified.

Describe the etiology of bipolar disorder. - Correct Answer✔️✔️-interaction of genetic,

epigenetic, neurochemical, and environmental factors. Heritability is well established.

short arm of chromosome 11

childhood maltreatment, particularly emotional abuse or neglect, has been linked to the

later development of the condition. Other stressful life events associated with

developing BD include childbirth, divorce, unemployment, disability, and early parental

loss. In adulthood, "stressful life event" came 6 months before a manic or depressive

episode.



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,TITLE: EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC PERIOD
OWNER: EMILLYCHARLOTTE
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT: ©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISHED: SEPTEMBER 2024
The etiology of BD is thought to involve imbalances in systems associated with

monoaminergic neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and serotonin, and intracellular

signaling systems that regulate mood.

a diffuse pattern of brain alterations including smaller subcortical volumes, lower cortical

thickness and altered white matter integrity in groups of individuals with bipolar disorder

compared to healthy controls

When is the peak of bipolar disorder age wise? - Correct Answer✔️✔️-There are two

peaks in the age of onset: 15-24 years and 45-54 years, with more than 70% of

individuals manifesting clinical characteristics of the condition before 25 years of age.

Patho of bipolar disorder - Correct Answer✔️✔️-Evidence supports a strong genetic

component and an epigenetic contribution. Human studies have shown changes in

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3

(NT-3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) in patients with BD, indicating neurotrophic signaling

is a molecular mechanism associated with decreased neuroplasticity. Other proposed

mechanisms include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, immune-inflammatory

imbalance, and compromised hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Additionally,

neuroimaging studies have shown "evidence of change in regional activity, functional

connectivity, neuronal activity, and bioenergetics associated with BD," and anatomic

studies have revealed dendritic spine loss in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the

post-mortem brain tissue of patients with BD.



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, TITLE: EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC PERIOD
OWNER: EMILLYCHARLOTTE
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT: ©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISHED: SEPTEMBER 2024
What are some characteristics that can increase the likelihood of a bipolar rather than

unipolar diagnosis? - Correct Answer✔️✔️-Inquiry into past hypomanic or manic episodes

is particularly important for patients with early onset of their first depressive episode (ie,

in patients younger than 25 years), a high number of lifetime depressive episodes (5 or

more episodes), and a family history of bipolar disorder. These findings in the patient's

history have been shown to increase the likelihood of a bipolar rather than a unipolar

diagnosis.

Other factors increasing the likelihood of a diagnostic change from MDD to BD include

the presence of psychosis, unresponsiveness to antidepressants, the induction of manic

or hypomanic symptoms by antidepressant drug treatment, and polymorbidity, defined

as 3 or more comorbid conditions.

Describe the criteria to diagnose BD-I - Correct Answer✔️✔️-Criteria met for at least one

manic episode, which might have been preceded or followed by a hypomanic episode

or major depressive episode (hypomanic or major depressive episodes are not required

for the diagnosis).

Describe the criteria to diagnose BD-II - Correct Answer✔️✔️-Criteria met for at least one

current or past hypomanic episode and a major depressive episode; no manic episodes.

Describe the criteria to diagnose cyclothymic disorder. - Correct Answer✔️✔️-Hypomanic

symptoms that do not meet the criteria for hypomanic episodes and depressive

symptoms that do not meet the criteria for major depressive episodes in


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