Met dit document kan je alle examenvragen die je terugvindt oplossen (buiten de positieve en negatieve punten van de indicatoren). Ook zijn er extra zaken toegevoegd die belangrijk zijn (waaronder de gastcolleges). Ik heb dankzij dit document een 14/20 gehaald!
Capital approach is a monetary approach, it tells us something about
welfare.
It uses a variety of capital forms to calculate the value of capital stock and
the change of capital stock (flow).
In these articles they substitute … capital.
Prosperity = a state of being well financially.
ARTIKEL NATURAL CAPITAL
Natural capital is important because without it we can’t survive. We value
this capital by evaluating the evolution of natural resources, pollution,…
Ecosystem services = goods and services that ecosystems give to society
REBOUND EFFECT = you put efforts in reducing something (pollution),
but the amount of goal decreases (no less pollution).
LOSS AVERSION = the pain of losing something is psychologically higher
than the pleasure of gaining something
HARTWICK RULE = a constant level of consumption can be sustained
when the value of investment equals the value of rents on extracted
resources at each point in time
CROWD OUT = we use this to decrease the attractiveness of something
(taxes on airplane tickets)
, GS: is based on substitutability, so weak sustainability
CWON
Comprehensive wealth = the total value of a country’s assests
Comprehensive wealth matters to sustainable development because it
measures a country’s well-being and progress.
Comprehensive wealth relates to intertemporal welfare by assessing
changes in a country’s wealth and ensuring preservations and
enhancement of capital for future generations.
Shadow prices are used in the CWON study to represent the economic
value of resources or services, even if they don’t have market prices.
Shadow prices = to calculate the implicit value of resources in terms of
their contribution to overall welfare and sustainable development
Shadow price differs from the market price because the market price
doesn’t fully account the externalities or the social and environmental
costs that are associates with certain resources or services.
The Hartwick rule relates to the CWON by emphasizing the importance of
maintaining or increasing comprehensive wealth over time through
investments in alternative forms of capital.
QUADRANTS
- GDP: is a monetary indicator because it calculates the produced
goods and services of a country. And it focuses on well-being.
- HDI: it concludes non-monetary factors like education, income and
life expectancy. It is a broader view on human well-being.
- EF: quantifies the total human impact (their activities) on the
environment. And it focuses on the sustainable resource use.
- GS: calculates the net change in a country’s comprehensive wealth
and subjective well-being. And it focuses on a sustainable economic
growth.
TRA = Theory of REASONED ACTION = when others put pressure on
you, you will follow their norm (group pressure)
TPB = Theory of Planned Behaviour = someone is more likely to
behave a certain wat if there are strong intentions, norms, attitude,…
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