Units 1-5 EXAM study guide apes || A Verified A+ Pass.
predator-prey relationship correct answers the predator is an organism that eats another organism
(the prey).
Symbiosis correct answers a close and long-term interaction between two species in an
ecosystem. Types of symbiosis include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
Mutualism correct answers symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the
relationship
commensalism correct answers A relationship between two organisms in which one organism
benefits and the other is unaffected
parasitism correct answers A relationship between two organisms of different species where one
benefits and the other is harmed
competition correct answers can occur within or between species in an ecosystem where there
are limited resources.
-resource partitioning
resource partitioning correct answers using resources in different ways, places, or at different
times- can reduce the negative impact of competition or survival
Biome correct answers contains characteristic communities of plants and animals that result
from, and are adapted to, its climate
Major terrestrial biomes correct answers taiga, temperate rainforests, temperate seasonal forests,
tropical rainforests, shrubland, temperate grassland, savanna, desert, and tundra
global distribution of non mineral terrestrial resources correct answers (ex: water and trees for
lumber)
varies because of some combination of climate, geography, latitude and altitude, nutrient
availability, and soil
worldwide distribution of biomes correct answers [distribution of biomes is dynamic]
the distribution has changed in the past and may again shift as a result of global climate changes.
Freshwater biomes correct answers streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes. These freshwater biomes
are a vital resource for drinking water.
Marine biomes correct answers include oceans, coral reefs, marshland, and estuaries. Algae in
marine biomes supply a large portion of the Earth's oxygen, and also take in carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere.
,The global distribution of nonmineral marine natural resources correct answers [different types
of fish]
varies because of some combination of salinity, depth, turbidity, nutrient availability, and
temperature.
Carbon cycle correct answers -movement of atoms and molecules containing the element carbon
between sources and sinks.
-Some of the reservoirs in which carbon compounds occur in the carbon cycle hold those
compounds for long periods of time, while some hold them for relatively short periods of time.
-Carbon cycles between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in living things.
-Plant and animal decomposition have led to the storage of carbon over millions of years. The
burning of fossil fuels quickly moves that stored carbon into atmospheric carbon, in the form of
carbon dioxide.
Carbon sinks/reservoirs correct answers Anything that absorbs more carbon than it releases;
examples: rocks, forests, soils, oceans and the atmosphere
largest carbon sink = rocks (limestone is calcium carbonate)
Nitrogen cycle correct answers -the movement of atoms and molecules containing the element
nitrogen between sources and sinks.
-Most of the reservoirs in which nitrogen compounds occur in the nitrogen cycle hold those
compounds for relatively short periods of time.
-Nitrogen fixation is the process in which atmospheric nitrogen is converted into a form of
nitrogen (primarily ammonia) that is available for uptake by plants and that can be synthesized
into plant tissue.
*The atmosphere is the major reservoir of nitrogen.*
Nitrogen fixation correct answers atmospheric nitrogen is converted into a form of nitrogen
(primarily ammonia) that is available for uptake by plants and can be synthesized into plant
tissue
phosphorus cycle correct answers -the movement of atoms and molecules containing the element
phosphorus between sources and sinks.
- There is no atmospheric component in the phosphorus cycle, and the limitations this imposes
on the return of phosphorus from the ocean to land make phosphorus naturally scarce in aquatic
and many terrestrial ecosystems.
- In undisturbed ecosystems, phosphorus is the limiting factor in biological systems.
phosphorus reservoirs correct answers sedimentary rocks of marine origin, the oceans, and
organisms
Water cycle correct answers -powered by the sun, the movement of water in its various solid,
liquid, and gaseous phases between sources and sinks.
, -The oceans are the primary reservoir of water at the Earth's surface, with ice caps and
groundwater acting as much smaller reservoirs.
Primary productivity correct answers the rate at which solar energy (sunlight) is converted into
organic compounds via photosynthesis over a unit of time.
Gross primary productivity correct answers the total rate of photosynthesis in a given area.
Net primary productivity correct answers the rate of energy storage by photosynthesizers in a
given area, after subtracting the energy lost to respiration.
how to calculate
Gross primary productivity - Respiration
(how much energy created) - (energy used by plants)
How is productivity measured correct answers measured in units of energy per unit area per unit
time (e.g., kcal/m2/yr)
Light absorption correct answers -Most red light is absorbed in the upper 1m of water, -blue light
only penetrates deeper than 100m in the clearest water
This affects photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems, whose photosynthesizers have adapted
mechanisms to address the lack of visible light
Trophic Levels correct answers -All ecosystems depend on a continuous inflow of high-quality
energy in order to maintain their structure and function of transferring matter between the
environment and organisms via biogeochemical cycles.
-Biogeochemical cycles are essential for life and each cycle demonstrates the conservation of
matter.
-In terrestrial and near-surface marine communities, energy flows from the sun to producers in
the lowest trophic levels and then upward to higher trophic levels.
Energy Flow and the 10% rule correct answers - The 10% rule approximates that in the transfer
of energy from one trophic level to the next, only about 10% of the energy is passed on.
- The loss of energy that occurs when energy moves from lower to higher trophic levels can be
explained through the laws of thermodynamics.
Food chains and Food webs correct answers -A food web is a model of an interlocking pattern of
food chains that depicts the flow of energy and nutrients in two or more food chains.
-Positive and negative feedback loops can each play a role in food webs. When one species is
removed from or added to a specific food web, the rest of the food web can be affected.
Nitrogen cycle steps correct answers N2 (atmospheric nitrogen) *nitrogen fixation* → NH3
*Ammonification* → NH4+ (Ammonium) [viable by plants] *Nitrification*→ NO2- and NO3-
[most readily available] *Denitrification*→ N2
what causes nitrogen fixation correct answers bacteria soil
