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CMY2602 Exam Questions With Correct Solutions 2024
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CMY2602 Exam Questions With Correct Solutions 2024
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CMY2602 Exam Questions With CorrectSolutions 2024
the .key .issues .surrounding .high .risk .offenders .Kemshall .(2008:4) .- .correct .answer.=
.difficulties .in .identifying .exactly .who .are .high
risk .offenders
= .the .questions .surrounding .their .risk .assessment .
= .the .problems .with .risk .predictions .in .the .future. .
= .both .perceptions .and .definitions .of .high .risk .are .dependent .on .the .context
= .risk .is .not .a .value .neutral .term .as .it .encapsulates .the .values .and .meanings .by .those
.who .use .it
Who .are .high .risk .offenders? .- .correct .answer.those .individuals .who .have .committed .a
.violent .or .sexual .offence, .or .who .have .been .assessed .as .likely .to .do .so.
offenders .likely .to .offend .harmfully .against .the .person, .and .those .committing .sexual
.offences .resulting .in .physical .harm .or .psychological .trauma .(Kemshall)
three .major .issues .of .knowing .high .risk .offenders .(Kemshall) .- .correct .answer.. .designing
.and .implementing .a .risk .assessment .tool .capable .of .reliably .and .consistently .identifying
.high .risk .offenders
. .differing .interpretations .of .what .constitutes .``high .risk'' .among .practitioners .and
.sentencers
. .establishing .sufficient .criteria .and .evidence .upon .which .to .base .judgements .about .the
.future
Risk .assessment .tools .- .correct .answer.the .rarer .the .behaviour .of .the .high .risk .offender,
.the .more .difficult .it .is .to .accurately .predict, .even .though .this .is .just .the .type .of .high .risk
.behaviour .that .criminal .justice .personnel .are .expected .to .predict. .accuracy .of .risk
.assessment .tools .has .also .proved .to .be .problematic .in .terms .of
maintaining .long-term .reliability.
The .problem .of .risk .prediction .- .correct .answer.= .difficulty .in .establishing .the .relationship
.between .risk .factors .and .subsequent .offending
,= .Risk .factors .can .have .different .impacts .± .what .impacts .on .one .offender .does .not
.necessarily .impact .on .another.
= .judgements .of .risk .are .open .to
bias, .stereotyping .and .interpretation
Criteria .and .evidence .for ."dangerousness'' .- .correct .answer.= .there .is .a .difference
.between .offenders .who .have .no .previous .convictions .or .who .are .under .the .age .of .18
= .a .number .of .complex .judgements .based .on .the
interaction .of .the .offender,the .circumstances .surrounding .the .offence, .the .impact .on .the
.victim(s), .and .a .combination .of .in-depth .knowledge .of .behaviour, .attitudes .and
.motivation .are .required
= .policy, .legislation .and .practice .are .all .conducted .``as .if'' .we .can .know .them.
Deciding .on ."dangerousness'' .for .under .18/ .no .previous .offence .- .correct .answer.. .must
.take .into .account .all .such .information .that .is .available .to .it .about .the .nature .and
.circumstances .of .the .offences
. .may .take .into .account .any .information .which .is .before .it .about .any .pattern .of .behaviour
.of .which .the .offence .forms .a .part
. .may .take .into .account .any .information .about .the .offender .which .is .before .it
dangerous .offender .(Kemshall) .- .correct .answer.= .heterogeneous .(or .fairly .diverse)
= .focused .primarily .on .the .sexual .and .violent .offenders
= .in .particular .those .offenders .who .commit .sexually .violent
and .predatory .crimes .against .children
= .very .flexible, .incorporating .potential .terrorists, .asylum
seekers, .problem .youth, .the .socially .excluded, .as .well .as .a .wide .range .of .sexual .and
.violent .offences .of .varying .degrees .of .seriousness.
= ."every .offender .is .deemed .to .present .some .risk .± .the .key .is .to .determine .the .level .of
.risk .and .match .responses .accordingly
Criminological .and .legal .approaches .to .risk .and
dangerousness .- .correct .answer.= .an .emphasis .on .a .technical .understanding .of .risk,
.within .which .risk .and .dangerousness .are .framed .as .objective .phenomena .if .the .correct
.measures .and .tools .can .be .designed.
= .resulted .in .a .constant .developing .in .the .pursuit .of .reliable .risk .assessment .tools .to
.identify .dangerous .offenders,
= .problems .in .tool .use .can .be .understood .as .arising .from
differing .conceptualisations .of .risk .rather .than .as .necessarily .being .due .to .practitioners'
.lack .of .compliance.
= .risk .assessment .tools .see .the .riskiness .of .an .offender .as .rooted .in .the .behaviour .and
.circumstances .of .that .individual.
= .perspective .on .risk .as .``fluid'' .or .changeable, .running .along .a .behavioural .continuum .of
.low .to .high .risk, .and .triggered .by .specific .circumstances.
= .risks .are .knowable .and .can .be .calculated .if .behaviours .and .triggers .can .be .measured
.against .known .risk .profiles .produced .by .the .aggregated .data .on .risky .populations .
= .Behaviours .and .triggers .are .also .seen .as .changeable
,Psychological .framing .of .high .risk .offenders .and
dangerousness .- .correct .answer.= .views .risk .and .dangerousness .as .the .individual,
.inherent .traits .of .the .offender
= .risk .factors .are .understood .as .those .factors .predisposing .the .individual .to .sexual .or
.violent .offending.
= .result .of .mental .illness .or .as .a .result .of .childhood .experiences .or .family .functioning.
= .Psychiatric .assessments .and .treatments .often .run .parallel .to .psychological
.approaches,
Sociological .understanding .of .risk .and .dangerousness .- .correct .answer.Sociological
.understandings .of .risk .and .dangerousness .are .eclectic, .drawing .on .a .range .of .theoretical
.approaches .
. .Cultural .theory
. .Governmentality .theory
. .The .social .construction .of .risk .and .the .role .of .the .media
Cultural .theory .of .risk .and .dangerousness .- .correct .answer.= .examines .how .some
.dangers .are .chosen .for .attention .while .others .are .not
= .perspective .pays .attention .to .the .symbolic .and .cultural .meanings .carried .by .risk .and
.danger, .and .the .political
rationalities .and .strategies .that .underpin .them.
Governmentality .theory .of .risk .and .dangerousness .- .correct .answer.= .examine .risk .in .the
.context .of .surveillance, .discipline, .and .regulation .of .populations
= .concepts .of .risk .construct .certain .norms .of .behaviour .which .are .used .to .encourage
.individuals .to .engage .voluntarily .in .selfregulation
= .``responsibilisation''
= .New .techniques .of .surveillance .linked .by .governmentality .theorists .to .social .regulation.
responsibilisation .- .correct .answer.is .essentially .a .mechanism .of .social .regulation .in
.which
individuals .are .made .responsible .for .their .own .actions, .including .their .own .risks, .and .for
.their .own .self-risk .management.
The .social .construction .of .risk .and .the .role .of .the .media .- .correct .answer.= .perceptions .of
.risk .and .how .risks .and .dangers .are .selected .for .importance .and .attention .is .significant;
= .contrast .between .the .media, .political .and .public .attention .given .to .children .abducted
.and .killed .by .strangers, .and .the .number .of .children .killed .per .year .by .a .parent.
= .media .shape .issues, .drawing .the .attention .of .the .public .and .political .figures
= .provide .a .frame .of .reference .against .which .we .measure .our .own .experiences
= .``champion'' .causes, .validate .causes .and .experiences, .demonise .particular .groups .and
.popularise .new .fears, .risk .and .dangers.
= .can .also .help .to .find .solutions .(or .inhibit .them), .
= .mobilise .activists .and .enable .or .prompt .policymakers .into .action.
= .Garland--- ."collective .and .institutionalised .crime .consciousness''
, Risk .assessment .- .correct .answer.= .postulated .by .Siegel .and .Bartollas: .risk .assessment
.is .used .to .allocate .inmates .to .high, .medium .and .low .risk .categories.
= .Treatment .effectiveness .is .thought .to .be .maximised .by .matching .inmate .needs .with .the
.proper .treatment .modality, .that .is, .offender ."responsivity'' .or .offender .treatability
= .demands .a .methodical .evaluation, .analysis .and .assessment .of .criminal .behaviour .in
.order .to .determine .an .offender's .risk .of .escaping, .absconding, .bullying .behaviour .(or .own
.vulnerability), .and .dangerousness. .(Hesselink-Louw)
= .risk .of .recidivating .or .causing .harm .to .the .public, .known
individuals, .staff, .or .the .self .is .included .here.
= .Risk .assessment .can .be .applied .in .order .to .assist .with .inmate .classification, .offender
.management .strategies, .therapeutic .interventions, .parole .decision .making, .community
.supervision .and .the .sentencing .of .offenders.
Actuarial .scales .or .instruments .- .correct .answer.standardised, .objective .risk .or .needs
.instruments .that .have .been .developed .through .extensive .research. .are .quantifiable
.measures .of .``criminogenic'' .risks .and .needs, .and .are .linear .in .nature. .the .higher .a
.person .scores .on .the .instrument, .the .greater .the .individual's .presumed .susceptibility .for
.criminal .or .antisocial .behaviour .in .the .future.
= .Professional .assessors .base .their .predictions .of .reoffending .and .dangerousness .on
.these .statistical, .research-based .estimates .of .risk .± .that .is, .an .actuarial .approach
= .indecision .remains .concerning .the .most .appropriate .instruments
Meta-analysis .- .correct .answer.= .determines .which .instruments .(risk .assessment .scales
.or
instruments) .can .be .applied .most .effectively .as .suitable .and .valid .predictors .of .potential
.violence .and .reoffending .behaviour
= .a .good .deal .of .the .discrepancies .among .prediction
studies .are .is .to .sampling .error
= .One .means .of .addressing .this .concern .is .to .conduct .meta-analyses, .which .statistically
.conclude .the .main .study .data .to .a .superior .estimation .true .to .population .parameters
= .is .a .comprehensive .research .endeavour .that .evaluates .a .plethora .of .studies .(a .big
.sample) .on .the .same .research .phenomenon .in .order .to .determine .the .validity .and
.accurateness .of .the .scales .or .instruments .used
(ie .the .risk .predictors .or .indicators).
rationale .for .risk .assessment .necessitates .the .following .endeavours .- .correct .answer..
.determine .the .risk .of .reoffending
. .assess .the .risk .posed .by .an .offender .(ie .self-harm .and .escape)
. .identify .the .factors .that .contribute .to .offending .behaviour
. .understand .an .offender's .background .characteristics .to .enhance .theory .and .aetiology
. .identify .the .particular .conditions .under .which .an .offender .is .likely .to .behave .violently,
.aggressively .or .criminally
. .assist .in .an .offender's .case .planning
. .safeguard .fellow .inmates .from .risk .and .dangerousness
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