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AST 101 Rio Salado Mid-Term : Multiple Choice & Essay Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers

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AST 101 Rio Salado Mid-Term : Multiple Choice & Essay Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers Three Hallmarks of Science - A)1) modern science seeks explanations for observed phenomena that rely solely on natural causes 2) science progresses through the creation and testing of models of natur...

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AST 101 Rio Salado Mid-Term : Multiple

Choice & Essay Exam Questions with

100% Correct Answers

Three Hallmarks of Science - ✔✔A)1) modern science seeks explanations

for observed phenomena that rely solely on natural causes

2) science progresses through the creation and testing of models of nature

that explain the observations as simply as possible

3) a scientific model must make testable predictions about natural

phenomena that would force us to revise or abandon the model if the

predictions did not agree with observations

Describe the Ptolemaic model of the solar system. How did Ptolemy

account for the apparent retrograde motion of the planets? - ✔✔The

Ptolemaic model of the solar system declared that each planet moves

around a small circle that turns into a big circle around the earth.

The system was mathematically complex, but it could correctly predict

planetary positions within a few degrees of arc. The little circle that turns

,into a big circle explained the retrograde motion by stating that while the

planets were in a loop, the planet appears to be moving backward.

Accomplishment of Galileo - ✔✔backed up the helicentric veiw, found that

the moon has a rocky and mountainus surface

Accomplishment of Copernicus - ✔✔Discovered simple geometric

relationships that strengthened his belief in sun-centered idea by

calculating each planet's orbital period and distance.

Accomplishment of Tycho Brahe - ✔✔Observed a comet and showed it

"too lay in the realm of the heavens" Advocated that the Sun orbits the

Earth, and the other planets orbit the Sun.

Accomplishment of Kepler - ✔✔Discovered that planetary orbits are not

circles but type of oval called ellipse and Created the laws of planetary

motion

Accomplishment of Newton - ✔✔Discovered Newton's first law, which

explains why objects that share Earth's motion thorough space should stay

with Earth rather than falling behind.

Suppose a solar system has a star that is four times more massive than the

Sun. If that solar system has a planet the same size as Earth, orbiting at a

distance of 1 AU, what is the orbital period of the planet? Explain. - ✔✔The

,orbital period of the planet would be six months. Kepler's Law states that

the period depends on the inverse square root of the object masses. If the

star is four times the size of the star, that means half the time which equals

six months.

Is the gravitational attraction between the Earth and Sun greater than or

less than the gravitational attraction between Jupiter and the Sun? By

approximately how much? How do you know? - ✔✔The gravitational

attraction between the earth and the Sun is greater than the gravitational

attraction between Jupiter and the Sun because the Earth is closer to the

Sun, therefore the Sun's gravity is stronger.

Explain why Mercury, Venus, and the Moon do not have significant erosion.

Relate erosional activity to planetary size and distance from the Sun. -

✔✔Mercury, Venus, and the moon do not have significant erosion because

of their size and distance from the Sun. Since Venus is so close to the Sun

and has a thicker atmosphere, water has been dried up. Mercury ans the

moon are so small that impact craters have probably covered up significant

erosion.

Suppose Mars had turned out to be significantly smaller than its current

size, say about the size of the Moon. How would this have affected the

number of geological features on Mars due to each of the four major

, geological processes? - ✔✔Impact Cratering- Less because volcanic lava

will cover up most of it.

Volcanism- Increase and cover craters.

Tectonics- More active because they're closer together.

Erosion- More erosion because of smaller surface.

Describe how the greenhouse effect makes a planetary surface warmer

than it would be otherwise. - ✔✔The greenhouse effect is when

atmospheric gases trap heat and warm up the planet. The greenhouse

gases, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane absorb infrared light and

slowly returns it to space. Photons are absorbed by different gas molecules

which slows down the escape of infrared radiation. This process makes the

planet's surface warmer than it would be without it.

Volcanoes on Earth and Venus both presumably emitted similar kinds of

gas. Explain how their atmospheres ended up so different. - ✔✔Earth and

Venus have different atmosphere's because Venus is 30% closer to the

Sun than Earth is. This closeness causes a runaway greenhouse effect. A

runaway greenhouse effect is when feedback between the atmosphere and

surface temperature increase the greenhouse effect to the point where the

oceans evaporate. Earth has the perfect temperature for life through the

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AST 101 Rio Salado Mid-Term : Multiple Choice & Essay Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers

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