ExamI2:INURSI611/INURS611I(LatestI2024
/I2025IUpdate)IAdvancedIPathophysiologyI
Review|IQsI&IAs|I100%ICorrect|IGradeIA-
IMaryville
Q:IWhatIevidenceIdoesItheInurseIexpectItoIseeIwhenIaIpatientIexperiencesItraumaItoItheIhy
pothalamus?
Answer:
UnevenIexpressionIofImood,IunstableIbloodIglucoseIlevels,IandIpoorItempIregulation.ITheIhyp
othalamusIformsItheIbaseIofItheIdiencephalon.IHypothalamicIfunctionIcontrolsIautonomicInerv
ousIsystemIfunction,IregulationIofIbodyItemp,IendocrineIfunctionI(glucoseIlevels),IandIregulati
onIofIemotionalIexpression.
Q:IWhatIisItheIfirstIdefenseIofIourIbodies?
Answer:
SkinIandImucousImembranes
Q:IWhichIactionIisItheIpurposeIofItheIinflammatoryIprocess?
Answer:
ToIpreventIinfectionIofItheIinjuredItissue.IIfItheIepithelialIbarrierIisIdamaged,IthenIaIhighlyIeff
icientIlocalIandIsystemIresponseI(inflammation)IisImobilizedItoIlimitItheIextentIofIdamage,ItoI
protectIagainstIinfection,IandItoIinitiateItheIrepairIofIdamagedItissue.
Q:IWhatIareItheI4IcardinalIsignsIofIinfection?
,Answer:
EdemaI(tumor),IwarmthI(calor),IrednessI(rubor),IandIpainI(dolar).IThereIisIaI5thIsignIknownIa
sIlossIofIfunctionI(functioIlaesa)
Q:IWhichItypeIofIwhiteIbloodIcellIisIfirstItoIarriveIatItheIsiteIofIinfection?
Answer:
Leukocytes
Q:IWhatIcausesItheIedemaIthatIoccursIduringItheIinflammatoryIprocess?
Answer:
IncreasedIcapillaryIpermeability.ITheIincreasedIflowIandIcapillaryIpermeabilityIresultIinIaIleak
ageIofIplasmaIfromItheIvessels,IcausingIswellingIinItheIsurroundingItissueIandIisIsolelyIrespo
nsibleIforIinflammation-inducedIedema.
Q:IWhatIprocessIcausesIheatIandIrednessItoIoccurIduringItheIinflammatoryIprocess?
Answer:
VasodilationIofIbloodIvessels.ITheIincreasedIbloodIflow,IasIaIresultIofIvasodilationIandIincreas
ingIconcentrationIofIredIcellsIatItheIsiteIofIinflammationIcauseIlocallyIincreasedIwarmthIandIr
edness.
Q:ITheIchemotacticIfactorIaffectsItheIinflammatoryIprocessIby?
Answer:
DirectingIleukocytesItoItheIinflamedIarea
,TwoIchemotacticIfactors,IneutrophilIchemotacticIfactorI(NCF)IandIeosinophilIchemotacticIfact
orIofIanaphylaxisI(ECF-
A),IareIreleasedIduringImastIcellIdegranulation.INCFIattractsIneutrophilsI(aItypeIofIleukocytes
),IandIECF-AIattractsIeosinophilsItoItheIsiteIofIinflammation.
Q:IWhatIisIpainImediatedIby?
Answer:
Histamines,Ibradykinins,Ileukotrienes,IandIprostaglandins
Q:ITheIfunctionIofIopsonizationIrelatedItoItheIcomplementIcascadeIisIto:
Answer:
TagItheIpathogenicImicroorganismsIforIdestructionIbyIneutrophilsIandImacrophages.
C3bIadheresItoItheIsurfaceIofIaIpathogenicImicroorganismIandIservesIasIanIefficientIopsonin.I
OpsoninsIareImoleculesIthatItagImicroorganismsIforIdestructionIbyIcellsIofItheIinflammatoryIs
ystem,IprimarilyIneutrophilsIandImacrophages.
Q:IDuringIphagocytosisIwhatIisIoccurringIduringItheIstepIreferredItoIasIopsonization?
Answer:
PhagocytesIrecognizeIandIadhereItoItheIbacteria.IDuringIphagocytosis,IopsonizationIinvolvesIo
nlyItheIrecognitionIandIadherenceIofIphagocytesItoIbacteria.
Q:IWhatIisItheIcorrectIsequenceIofIphagocytosis?
Answer:
RecognitionI(opsonization),Iengulfment,Ifusion,IandIdestruction.
, OnceItheIphagocyticIcellIentersItheIinflammatoryIsite,ItheIonlyIcorrectIsequenceIofIphagocyto
sisIinvolvesIopsonizationIorIrecognitionIofItheItargetIandIadherenceIofItheIphagocyteItoIit,Ieng
ulfment,IorIingestionIorIendocytosis,IandItheIformationIofIphagosome,IfusionIwithIlysosomalI
granulesIwithinItheIphagocyteIandIdestructionIofItheItarget.
Q:IWhichImanifestationsIofIinflammationIisIsystemic?
Answer:
FeverIandIleukocytosis.
TheIonlyIprimaryIsystemicIchangesIassociatedIwithItheIacuteIinflammatoryIresponseIareIfever,
IleukocytosisI(aItransientIincreaseIinIcirculatingIleukocytes),IandIincreasedIlevelsIinIcirculatin
gIplasmaIproteins.
Q:ITheIacuteIinflammatoryIresponseIisIcharacterizedIbyIfeverIthatIisIproducedIbyItheIhypoth
alamusIbeingIaffectedIby?
Answer:
EndogenousIpyrogens
Fever-causingIcytokinesIareIknownIasIendogenousIpyrogens.
Q:IWhenIconsideringIwhiteIbloodIcellIdifferentials,IacuteIinflammatoryIreactionsIareIrelatedI
toIelevationsIofIwhichIleukocyte?
Answer:
NeutrophilsI
OnlyIneutrophilsIareItheIpredominantIphagocytesIinItheIearlyIinflammatoryIsite,IarrivingIwithi
nI6-
12IhoursIafterItheIinitialIinjury,ItheyIingestI(phagocytose)Ibacteria,IdeadIcells,IandIcellularIdeb
risIatItheIinflammatoryIsite.
