Exam (elaborations)
NUR 201 Med Surg Exam 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (2024/2025) (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
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NUR 201 Med Surg Exam 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (2024/2025) (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
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NUR 201 Med Surg Exam 11. Sodium (Na+): Causes: CNS
changes Normal Range: 135-145
mEq/L
Foods: Salty foods
2. Hyponatremia: Causes: Fluid dilution or loss of sodium, fluid
retention, renal disease, CHF, liver disease, SIADH, NG tube suction,
diarrhea, excessive sweat, diuretics
Symptoms: Confusion, tired, abdominal cramping, increased urination,
crave salty foods, seizures
Interventions: Give dietary sodium, restrict water intake, drugs to
remove water and not sodium, IV saline or LR infusions
3. Hypernatremia: Causes: Dehydration or excess sodium, Fluid loss
(diarrhea or vomiting), water deprivation, too much saline solution or
1/
,table salt, heat stroke, tube feedings without water, kidney failure
Symptoms: Crave water, dry sticky mucous membranes, weakness,
confusion, agitation, lethargy, muscle twitching, progressive muscle
weakness, diminished or absent DTR
In sever cases: Convulsions, decreased level of
consciousness Interventions: Replace fluids cautiously,
decrease sodium intake.
4. Potassium (K+): Causes: Cardiac
changes Normal Range: 3.5-5 mEq/L
Foods: Potatoes, carrots, meat, fish, tomatoes, avocado
5. Hypokalemia: Causes: Vomiting, heavy perspiration, potassium
wasting drugs (diuretics), poor intake of potassium, use of laxatives,
kidney disease
Symptoms: Cardiac arrhythmias, leg cramps, lethargy, decreased GI
motility, de- creased bowel sounds, decreased tendon reflexes,
2/
, lethargy, depressed T wave on EKG
Interventions: Give potassium orally with food, IV potassium ALWAYS ON
PUMP
6. Hyperkalemia: Causes: Diarrhea, renal failure, potassium sparing
diuretics, hy- poraldosteronism, acidosis
Symptoms: Cardiac arrest, muscle weakness, irregular pulses, GI
hyperactivity, bradycardia, hypotension, ECG tall T waves
Interventions: Limit potassium intake, increase fluids, give potassium
exolete ene- ma, give potassium wasting diuretics, dialysis in renal
patients
7. Calcium (Ca 2+): Causes: Neuro
changes Normal Range: 8.5-10.5
mEq/L
Foods: Vitamin D, diary products, dark green leafy vegetables
8. Hypocalemia: Causes: HypoPTH, acute pancreatitis,
3/
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